User:SuperWIKI/sandbox/State deans (7)
For senators and representatives who represented defunct parties or switched parties intra-term, only their latest party while in office is reflected. Most states, due to not having long-running deans until the 1900s, have tables only starting from that decade.
Maryland
[edit]Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
---|---|---|---|---|
38th | March 4, 1863 – February 14, 1865 |
Thomas Holliday Hicks Seniority from December 29, 1862[a] (2 years, 47 days) (died) |
Webster (House) Seniority from March 4, 1859 |
Edwin H. Webster Seniority from March 4, 1859 (6 years, 144 days) (appointed Port of Baltimore customs collector) |
February 14, 1865 – March 4, 1865 |
Reverdy Johnson[A][B] Seniority from March 4, 1863 (5 years, 128 days) (appointed Minister to the United Kingdom) | |||
39th | March 4, 1865 – July 26, 1865 | |||
July 26, 1865 – March 4, 1867 |
Thomas (House) Seniority from March 4, 1861 |
Francis Thomas[A][C] Seniority from March 4, 1861 (7 years, 364 days) (retired) | ||
40th | March 4, 1867 – July 10, 1868 | |||
July 10, 1868 – March 4, 1869 |
George Vickers Seniority from March 7, 1868[b] (4 years, 361 days) (retired)[1] | |||
41st | March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1871 |
Co-deans: Archer, Stone (House) Seniority from March 4, 1867 |
Co-deans: Stevenson Archer, Frederick Stone Seniority from March 4, 1867 (3 years, 364 days) (Stone lost re-election)[2] | |
42nd | March 4, 1871 – March 4, 1873 |
Archer (House) Seniority from March 4, 1867 |
Stevenson Archer Seniority from March 4, 1867 (7 years, 364 days) (lost renomination)[3] | |
43rd | March 4, 1873 – March 4, 1875 |
William T. Hamilton[D] Seniority from March 4, 1869 (5 years, 364 days) (ran for Maryland governor) | ||
44th | March 4, 1875 – March 4, 1877 |
George R. Dennis Seniority from March 4, 1873 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Swann (House) Seniority from March 4, 1869 |
Thomas Swann Seniority from March 4, 1869 (9 years, 364 days) (retired) |
45th | March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1879 | |||
46th | March 4, 1879 – March 4, 1881 |
William P. Whyte[B] Seniority from March 4, 1875 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Whyte (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1875[c] |
Eli Jones Henkle Seniority from March 4, 1875 (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election)[4] |
47th | March 4, 1881 – March 4, 1883 |
James Black Groome Seniority from March 4, 1879 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
McLane (House) Seniority from March 4, 1879[c] |
Robert M. McLane[C] Seniority from March 4, 1879[c] (3 years, 364 days) (retired) |
48th | March 4, 1883 – March 4, 1885 |
Co-deans: Groome (Senate) Talbott (House) Seniority from March 4, 1879 |
J. Frederick C. Talbott Seniority from March 4, 1879 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) | |
49th | March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1887 |
Arthur P. Gorman[E] Seniority from March 4, 1881 (17 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) |
Gorman (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1881 |
Co-deans: John Van Lear Findlay (D), Louis E. McComas (R) Seniority from March 4, 1883 (3 years, 364 days) (Findlay retired) |
50th | March 4, 1887 – March 4, 1889 |
Louis E. McComas Seniority from March 4, 1883 (7 years, 364 days) (lost re-election)[5] | ||
51st | March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1891 | |||
52nd | March 4, 1891 – March 4, 1893 |
Harry W. Rusk Seniority from November 2, 1886[d] (10 years, 121 days) (retired) | ||
53rd | March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1895 | |||
54th | March 4, 1895 – March 4, 1897 | |||
55th | March 4, 1897 – March 4, 1899 |
William Benjamin Baker Seniority from March 4, 1895 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) | ||
56th | March 4, 1899 – March 4, 1901 |
George L. Wellington[D] Seniority from March 4, 1897 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Co-deans: Wellington (House and Senate) Baker (House) Seniority from March 4, 1895 | |
57th | March 4, 1901 – March 4, 1903 |
Wellington (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1895 |
Sydney E. Mudd I[C] Seniority from March 4, 1897 (13 years, 364 days) (retired) | |
58th | March 4, 1903 – March 4, 1905 |
Louis E. McComas[D] Seniority from March 4, 1899 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Mudd (House) Seniority from March 4, 1897 | |
59th | March 4, 1905 – June 4, 1906 |
Arthur P. Gorman[F][G] Seniority from March 4, 1903 (3 years, 92 days) (died) | ||
June 4, 1906 – March 4, 1907 |
Isidor Rayner[D] Seniority from March 4, 1905 (7 years, 266 days) (died) | |||
60th | March 4, 1907 – March 4, 1909 | |||
61st | March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1911 | |||
62nd | March 4, 1911 – November 25, 1912 |
Talbott[F] (House) Seniority from March 4, 1903 |
J. Frederick C. Talbott[F][C] Seniority from March 4, 1903 (15 years, 215 days) (died) | |
November 25, 1912 – March 4, 1913 |
John W. Smith[D] Seniority from March 25, 1908[b] (12 years, 343 days) (lost re-election) | |||
63rd | March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1915 | |||
64th | March 4, 1915 – March 4, 1917 | |||
65th | March 4, 1917 – October 5, 1918 | |||
October 5, 1918 – March 4, 1919 |
Smith (Senate) Seniority from March 25, 1908 |
J. Charles Linthicum Seniority from March 4, 1911 (21 years, 215 days) (died) | ||
66th | March 4, 1919 – March 4, 1921 | |||
67th | March 4, 1921 – March 4, 1923 |
Joseph I. France Seniority from March 4, 1917 (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) |
Linthicum (House) Seniority from March 4, 1911 | |
68th | March 4, 1923 – March 4, 1925 |
Ovington Weller Seniority from March 4, 1921 (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) | ||
69th | March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1927 | |||
70th | March 4, 1927 – March 4, 1929 |
William Cabell Bruce Seniority from March 4, 1923 (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) | ||
71st | March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1931 |
Millard Tydings[D] Seniority from March 4, 1927 (23 years, 305 days) (lost re-election) | ||
72nd | March 4, 1931 – October 5, 1932 | |||
October 5, 1932 – March 4, 1933 |
Goldsborough (House) Seniority from March 4, 1921 |
Thomas A. Goldsborough Seniority from March 4, 1921 (18 years, 32 days) (appointed district court judge) | ||
73rd | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 | |||
74th | January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1937 | |||
75th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939 | |||
76th | January 3, 1939 – April 5, 1939 | |||
April 5, 1939 – January 3, 1941 |
Tydings (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1923 |
William Purington Cole Jr.[C] Seniority from March 4, 1931 (11 years, 236 days) (appointed U.S. Customs Court judge) | ||
77th | January 3, 1941 – October 26, 1942 | |||
October 26, 1942 – January 3, 1943 |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. Seniority from January 3, 1939 (8 years, 133 days) (elected Baltimore mayor) | |||
78th | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945 | |||
79th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 | |||
80th | January 3, 1947 – May 16, 1947 | |||
May 16, 1947 – January 3, 1949 |
Lansdale G. Sasscer Seniority from February 3, 1939[d] (13 years, 335 days) (ran for Senate) | |||
81st | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951 | |||
82nd | January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 |
Herbert O'Conor Seniority from January 3, 1947 (6 years, 0 days) (retired) |
Sasscer (House) Seniority from February 3, 1939 | |
83rd | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 |
John Marshall Butler Seniority from January 3, 1951 (12 years, 0 days) (retired) |
Beall (House and Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1943 |
George H. Fallon Seniority from January 3, 1945 (26 years, 0 days) (lost renomination)[7] |
84th | January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1957 | |||
85th | January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1959 | |||
86th | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961 | |||
87th | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 | |||
88th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 |
J. Glenn Beall[D] Seniority from January 3, 1953 (12 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | ||
89th | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967 |
Daniel Brewster[D] Seniority from January 3, 1963 (6 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) |
Fallon (House) Seniority from January 3, 1945 | |
90th | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969 | |||
91st | January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971 |
Joseph Tydings Seniority from January 3, 1965 (6 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | ||
92nd | January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973 |
Charles Mathias[D] Seniority from January 3, 1969 (18 years, 0 days) (retired) |
Garmatz (House) Seniority from July 15, 1947 |
Edward Garmatz Seniority from July 15, 1947[d] (25 years, 172 days) (retired) |
93rd | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
Mathias (House and Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1961 |
Clarence Long Seniority from January 3, 1963 (22 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | |
94th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 | |||
95th | January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1979 | |||
96th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 | |||
97th | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 | |||
98th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1985 | |||
99th | January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987 |
Parren Mitchell Seniority from January 3, 1971 (16 years, 0 days) (ran for Maryland lieutenant governor) | ||
100th | January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1989 |
Paul Sarbanes[D] Seniority from January 3, 1977 (30 years, 0 days) (retired) |
Sarbanes (House and Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1971 |
Beverly Byron Seniority from January 3, 1979 (14 years, 0 days) (lost renomination)[8] |
101st | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1991 | |||
102nd | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 | |||
103rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 |
Steny Hoyer Seniority from May 19, 1981[d] (43 years, 78 days) (Incumbent) | ||
104th | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 | |||
105th | January 3, 1997 – January 3, 1999 | |||
106th | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2001 | |||
107th | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 | |||
108th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005 | |||
109th | January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007 | |||
110th | January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009 |
Barbara Mikulski[D] Seniority from January 3, 1987 (30 years, 0 days) (retired) |
Mikulski (House and Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1977 | |
111th | January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011 | |||
112th | January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 | |||
113th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 | |||
114th | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017 | |||
115th | January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019 |
Ben Cardin[D] Seniority from January 3, 2007 (17 years, 215 days) (Incumbent) |
Hoyer (House) Seniority from May 19, 1981 | |
116th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021 | |||
117th | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 | |||
118th | January 3, 2023 – present | |||
Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Minnesota
[edit]Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
---|---|---|---|---|
35th | May 11, 1858 – March 4, 1859 |
James Shields Seniority from May 11, 1858[e] (296 days) (lost re-election)[9] |
None | None (same seniority) |
36th | March 4, 1859 – March 4, 1861 |
Henry M. Rice Seniority from May 11, 1858 (4 years, 296 days) (retired) |
Rice (Senate) Seniority from May 11, 1858 |
No clear dean[f][g] |
37th | March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1863 | |||
38th | March 4, 1863 – March 4, 1865 |
Morton S. Wilkinson Seniority from March 4, 1859 (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election)[10] |
Co-deans: Wilkinson (Senate) Windom (House) Seniority from March 4, 1859 |
William Windom Seniority from March 4, 1859 (9 years, 364 days) (retired) |
39th | March 4, 1865 – March 4, 1867 |
Alexander Ramsey[D] Seniority from March 4, 1863 (11 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Windom (House) Seniority from March 4, 1859 | |
40th | March 4, 1867 – March 4, 1869 | |||
41st | March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1871 |
Ramsey (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1863 |
No clear dean[f][h] | |
42nd | March 4, 1871 – March 4, 1873 | |||
43rd | March 4, 1873 – March 4, 1875 | |||
44th | March 4, 1875 – March 4, 1877 |
William Windom[B][D] Seniority from March 4, 1871 (10 years, 3 days) (appointed Secretary of the Treasury) |
Co-deans: Windom[F] (Senate) Dunnell (House) Seniority from March 4, 1871 |
Mark H. Dunnell Seniority from March 4, 1871 (11 years, 364 days) (ran for Senate) |
45th | March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1879 | |||
46th | March 4, 1879 – March 4, 1881 | |||
47th | March 4, 1881 – March 7, 1881 | |||
March 7, 1881 – March 4, 1883 |
Samuel J. R. McMillan Seniority from March 4, 1875 (11 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Dunnell (House) Seniority from March 4, 1871 | ||
48th | March 4, 1883 – March 4, 1885 |
McMillan (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1875 |
William D. Washburn Seniority from March 4, 1879 (5 years, 364 days) (lost renomination) | |
49th | March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1887 |
Horace B. Strait[C] Seniority from March 4, 1881 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) | ||
50th | March 4, 1887 – March 4, 1889 |
Dwight M. Sabin Seniority from March 4, 1883 (5 years, 364 days) (lost renomination) |
Co-deans: Sabin (Senate) Nelson (House) Seniority from March 4, 1883 |
Knute Nelson Seniority from March 4, 1883 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
51st | March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1891 |
Cushman K. Davis Seniority from March 4, 1887 (13 years, 268 days) (died) |
Co-deans: C. K. Davis (Senate) Lind (House) Seniority from March 4, 1887 |
John Lind Seniority from March 4, 1887 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
52nd | March 4, 1891 – March 4, 1893 | |||
53rd | March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1895 |
C. K. Davis (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1887 |
Osee M. Hall Seniority from March 4, 1891 (3 years, 364 days) (lost re-election)[11] | |
54th | March 4, 1895 – March 4, 1897 |
Loren Fletcher Seniority from March 4, 1893[i] (9 years, 364 days) (lost re-election)[12] | ||
55th | March 4, 1897 – March 4, 1899 | |||
56th | March 4, 1899 – November 27, 1900 | |||
November 27, 1900 – March 4, 1901 |
Knute Nelson[D] Seniority from March 4, 1895 (28 years, 55 days) (died) |
Fletcher (House) Seniority from March 4, 1893 | ||
57th | March 4, 1901 – March 4, 1903 | |||
58th | March 4, 1903 – March 4, 1905 |
Co-deans: McCleary, Tawney (House) Seniority from March 4, 1893 |
Co-deans: James McCleary, James A. Tawney Seniority from March 4, 1893 (13 years, 364 days) (McCleary lost re-election)[13] | |
59th | March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1907 | |||
60th | March 4, 1907 – March 4, 1909 |
Tawney (House) Seniority from March 4, 1893 |
James A. Tawney Seniority from March 4, 1893 (17 years, 364 days) (lost re-election)[14] | |
61st | March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1911 | |||
62nd | March 4, 1911 – March 4, 1913 |
Nelson[F] (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1895 |
Frederick C. Stevens Seniority from March 4, 1897 (17 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) | |
63rd | March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1915 | |||
64th | March 4, 1915 – March 4, 1917 |
Charles R. Davis Seniority from March 4, 1903[i] (21 years, 364 days) (lost renomination) | ||
65th | March 4, 1917 – March 4, 1919 | |||
66th | March 4, 1919 – March 4, 1921 | |||
67th | March 4, 1921 – March 4, 1923 | |||
68th | March 4, 1923 – April 28, 1923 | |||
April 28, 1923 – March 4, 1925 |
Henrik Shipstead[H] Seniority from March 4, 1923 (23 years, 305 days) (lost renomination) |
C. R. Davis (House) Seniority from March 4, 1903 | ||
69th | March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1927 |
Schall[I] (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1915 |
Harold Knutson Seniority from March 4, 1917 (31 years, 305 days) (lost re-election) | |
70th | March 4, 1927 – March 4, 1929 | |||
71st | March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1931 | |||
72nd | March 4, 1931 – March 4, 1933 | |||
73rd | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 | |||
74th | January 3, 1935 – December 22, 1935 | |||
December 22, 1935 – January 3, 1937 |
Knutson (House) Seniority from March 4, 1917 | |||
75th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939 | |||
76th | January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1941 | |||
77th | January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1943 | |||
78th | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945 | |||
79th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 | |||
80th | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 |
Joseph H. Ball[B] Seniority from January 3, 1943 (6 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | ||
81st | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951 |
Edward J. Thye Seniority from January 3, 1947 (12 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) |
Andresen (House) Seniority from January 3, 1935 |
August H. Andresen[C] Seniority from January 3, 1935 (23 years, 11 days) (died) |
82nd | January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 | |||
83rd | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 | |||
84th | January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1957 | |||
85th | January 3, 1957 – January 14, 1958 | |||
January 14, 1958 – January 3, 1959 |
Andersen (House) Seniority from January 3, 1939 |
H. Carl Andersen Seniority from January 3, 1939 (28 years, 0 days) (lost renomination) | ||
86th | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961 |
Hubert Humphrey Seniority from January 3, 1949 (15 years, 361 days) (elected Vice President) | ||
87th | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 | |||
88th | January 3, 1963 – December 29, 1964 |
Blatnik (House) Seniority from January 3, 1947 |
John Blatnik Seniority from January 3, 1947 (27 years, 362 days) (resigned) | |
December 29, 1964 – January 3, 1965 |
Eugene McCarthy[D] Seniority from January 3, 1959 (12 years, 0 days) (retired) | |||
89th | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967 | |||
90th | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969 | |||
91st | January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971 | |||
92nd | January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973 |
Walter Mondale Seniority from December 30, 1964[a] (12 years, 0 days) (elected Vice President) | ||
93rd | January 3, 1973 – December 31, 1974 | |||
December 31, 1974 – January 3, 1975 |
Quie (House) Seniority from February 8, 1958 |
Al Quie Seniority from February 8, 1958[d] (20 years, 329 days) (elected Minnesota governor) | ||
94th | January 3, 1975 – December 30, 1976 | |||
December 30, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
Hubert Humphrey[F][J][B] Seniority from January 3, 1971 (7 years, 10 days) (died) | |||
95th | January 3, 1977 – January 13, 1978 | |||
January 13, 1978 – December 29, 1978 |
Wendell R. Anderson Seniority from December 30, 1976[a] (1 year, 364 days) (resigned) | |||
December 29, 1978 – January 3, 1979 |
David Durenberger Seniority from November 8, 1978[j] (16 years, 56 days) (retired) | |||
96th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 |
Frenzel (House) Seniority from January 3, 1971 |
Bill Frenzel Seniority from January 3, 1971 (20 years, 0 days) (retired) | |
97th | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 | |||
98th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1985 | |||
99th | January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987 | |||
100th | January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1989 | |||
101st | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1991 | |||
102nd | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 |
Oberstar (House) Seniority from January 3, 1975 |
Jim Oberstar Seniority from January 3, 1975 (36 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | |
103rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 | |||
104th | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 |
Paul Wellstone Seniority from January 3, 1991 (11 years, 295 days) (died) | ||
105th | January 3, 1997 – January 3, 1999 | |||
106th | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2001 | |||
107th | January 3, 2001 – October 25, 2002 | |||
October 25, 2002 – January 3, 2003 |
Mark Dayton Seniority from January 3, 2001 (6 years, 0 days) (retired) | |||
108th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005 | |||
109th | January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007 | |||
110th | January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009 |
Norm Coleman Seniority from January 3, 2003 (6 years, 0 days) (term expired)[15] | ||
111th | January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011 |
Amy Klobuchar Seniority from January 3, 2007 (17 years, 215 days) (Incumbent) | ||
112th | January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 |
Peterson (House) Seniority from January 3, 1991 |
Collin Peterson Seniority from January 3, 1991 (30 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | |
113th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 | |||
114th | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017 | |||
115th | January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019 | |||
116th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021 | |||
117th | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 |
McCollum (House) Seniority from January 3, 2001 |
Betty McCollum Seniority from January 3, 2001 (23 years, 215 days) (Incumbent) | |
118th | January 3, 2023 – present | |||
Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Nebraska
[edit]Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
---|---|---|---|---|
55th | March 4, 1897 – March 4, 1899 |
William V. Allen Seniority from March 4, 1893 (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) |
Co-deans: Allen (Senate) Mercer (House) Seniority from March 4, 1893 |
David H. Mercer Seniority from March 4, 1893 (9 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) |
56th | March 4, 1899 – March 4, 1901 |
John M. Thurston Seniority from March 4, 1895 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Mercer (House) Seniority from March 4, 1893 | |
57th | March 4, 1901 – March 28, 1901 |
William V. Allen[F][B] Seniority from December 13, 1899[a] (1 year, 105 days) (lost election to finish term) | ||
March 28, 1901 – March 4, 1903 |
Joseph Millard Seniority from March 28, 1901[k][l] (5 years, 340 days) (retired) | |||
58th | March 4, 1903 – March 4, 1905 |
Burkett (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1899 |
Elmer Burkett Seniority from March 4, 1899 (5 years, 364 days) (elected to Senate) | |
59th | March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1907 |
Edmund H. Hinshaw Seniority from March 4, 1903[i] (7 years, 364 days) (retired) | ||
60th | March 4, 1907 – March 4, 1909 |
Elmer Burkett[D] Seniority from March 4, 1905 (5 years, 364 days) (lost renomination)[16] | ||
61st | March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1911 | |||
62nd | March 4, 1911 – March 4, 1913 |
Norris Brown Seniority from March 4, 1907 (5 years, 364 days) (lost renomination)[17] |
Co-deans: Norris[I] (House and Senate) Kinkaid (House) Seniority from March 4, 1903 |
Co-deans: Moses Kinkaid, George W. Norris Seniority from March 4, 1903 (9 years, 364 days) (Norris elected to Senate) |
63rd | March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1915 |
Gilbert Hitchcock[D] Seniority from March 4, 1911 (11 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) |
Moses Kinkaid Seniority from March 4, 1903 (19 years, 124 days) (died) | |
64th | March 4, 1915 – March 4, 1917 | |||
65th | March 4, 1917 – March 4, 1919 | |||
66th | March 4, 1919 – March 4, 1921 | |||
67th | March 4, 1921 – July 6, 1922 | |||
July 6, 1922 – March 4, 1923 |
Norris (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1903 |
William E. Andrews[C] Seniority from March 4, 1919[c] (3 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) | ||
68th | March 4, 1923 – March 4, 1925 |
George W. Norris[K][D] Seniority from March 4, 1913 (29 years, 305 days) (lost re-election) |
Melvin O. McLaughlin Seniority from March 4, 1919 (7 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) | |
69th | March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1927 | |||
70th | March 4, 1927 – March 4, 1929 |
Ashton C. Shallenberger[C] Seniority from March 4, 1923[c] (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) | ||
71st | March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1931 |
Edgar Howard Seniority from March 4, 1923[i] (9 years, 364 days) (co-dean after Simmons retired) | ||
72nd | March 4, 1931 – March 4, 1933 | |||
73rd | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 |
Co-deans: Edgar Howard, John H. Morehead Seniority from March 4, 1923 (11 years, 305 days) (Howard lost re-election, Morehead retired) | ||
74th | January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1937 |
No clear dean[f] | ||
75th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939 | |||
76th | January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1941 |
Harry B. Coffee Seniority from January 3, 1935[i] (8 years, 0 days) (ran for Senate)[18] | ||
77th | January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1943 | |||
78th | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945 |
Hugh A. Butler Seniority from January 3, 1941 (13 years, 179 days) (died) |
Stefan (House) Seniority from January 3, 1935 |
Karl Stefan Seniority from January 3, 1935 (16 years, 272 days) (died) |
79th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 | |||
80th | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 | |||
81st | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951 | |||
82nd | January 3, 1951 – October 2, 1951 | |||
October 2, 1951 – January 3, 1953 |
Curtis (House and Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1939 |
Carl Curtis Seniority from January 3, 1939 (15 years, 362 days) (appointed to Senate) | ||
83rd | January 3, 1953 – July 1, 1954 | |||
July 1, 1954 – November 8, 1954 |
Eva Bowring Seniority from April 16, 1954[a] (206 days) (successor elected) | |||
November 8, 1954 – December 31, 1954 |
Roman Hruska[D] Seniority from November 8, 1954[j][m] (22 years, 49 days) (resigned) | |||
December 31, 1954 – January 3, 1955 |
Arthur L. Miller Seniority from January 3, 1943 (16 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | |||
84th | January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1957 | |||
85th | January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1959 | |||
86th | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961 |
Phil Weaver Seniority from January 3, 1955 (8 years, 0 days) (lost renomination) | ||
87th | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 | |||
88th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 |
Glenn Cunningham Seniority from January 3, 1959 (12 years, 0 days) (lost renomination) | ||
89th | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967 | |||
90th | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969 | |||
91st | January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971 | |||
92nd | January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973 |
David Martin Seniority from January 3, 1961 (13 years, 362 days) (resigned) | ||
93rd | January 3, 1973 – December 31, 1974 | |||
December 31, 1974 – January 3, 1975 |
Co-deans: John Y. McCollister, Charles Thone Seniority from January 3, 1971 (6 years, 0 days) (McCollister ran for Senate) | |||
94th | January 3, 1975 – December 27, 1976 | |||
December 27, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
Carl Curtis[D] Seniority from January 1, 1955[a] (24 years, 2 days) (retired) | |||
95th | January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1979 |
Charles Thone Seniority from January 3, 1971 (8 years, 0 days) (elected Nebraska governor) | ||
96th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 |
Edward Zorinsky Seniority from December 27, 1976[a] (10 years, 69 days) (died) |
V. Smith (House) Seniority from January 3, 1975 |
Virginia D. Smith Seniority from January 3, 1975 (16 years, 0 days) (retired) |
97th | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 | |||
98th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1985 | |||
99th | January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987 | |||
100th | January 3, 1987 – March 6, 1987 | |||
March 6, 1987 – January 3, 1989 |
J. James Exon Seniority from January 3, 1979 (18 years, 0 days) (retired) | |||
101st | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1991 | |||
102nd | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 |
Co-deans: Exon (Senate) Bereuter (House) Seniority from January 3, 1979 |
Doug Bereuter Seniority from January 3, 1979 (25 years, 241 days) (resigned) | |
103rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 | |||
104th | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 | |||
105th | January 3, 1997 – January 3, 1999 |
Bob Kerrey Seniority from January 3, 1989 (12 years, 0 days) (retired) |
Bereuter (House) Seniority from January 3, 1979 | |
106th | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2001 | |||
107th | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 |
Chuck Hagel Seniority from January 3, 1997 (12 years, 0 days) (retired) | ||
108th | January 3, 2003 – August 31, 2004 | |||
August 31, 2004 – January 3, 2005 |
Hagel (Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1997 |
Lee Terry Seniority from January 3, 1999 (16 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | ||
109th | January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007 | |||
110th | January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009 | |||
111th | January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011 |
Ben Nelson Seniority from January 3, 2001 (12 years, 0 days) (retired) |
Terry (House) Seniority from January 3, 1999 | |
112th | January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 | |||
113th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 |
Mike Johanns Seniority from January 3, 2009 (6 years, 0 days) (retired) | ||
114th | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017 |
Deb Fischer Seniority from January 3, 2013 (11 years, 215 days) (Incumbent) |
Fortenberry (House) Seniority from January 3, 2005 |
Jeff Fortenberry Seniority from January 3, 2005 (17 years, 87 days) (resigned) |
115th | January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019 | |||
116th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021 | |||
117th | January 3, 2021 – March 31, 2022 | |||
March 31, 2022 – January 3, 2023 |
A. Smith (House) Seniority from January 3, 2007 |
Adrian Smith Seniority from January 3, 2007 (17 years, 215 days) (Incumbent) | ||
118th | January 3, 2023 – present | |||
Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Washington
[edit]Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
---|---|---|---|---|
56th | March 4, 1899 – March 4, 1901 |
George Turner Seniority from March 4, 1897 (5 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) |
Turner (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1897 |
No clear dean[f] |
57th | March 4, 1901 – March 4, 1903 | |||
58th | March 4, 1903 – March 4, 1905 |
Addison G. Foster Seniority from March 4, 1899 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Co-deans: Foster (Senate) Jones, Cushman (House) Seniority from March 4, 1899 |
Co-deans: Wesley L. Jones, Francis W. Cushman Seniority from March 4, 1899 (10 years, 0 days) (Jones elected to Senate) |
59th | March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1907 |
Levi Ankeny Seniority from March 4, 1903 (5 years, 364 days) (lost renomination)[19] |
Co-deans: Jones[I] (House and Senate) Cushman (House) Seniority from March 4, 1899 | |
60th | March 4, 1907 – March 4, 1909 | |||
61st | March 4, 1909 – July 6, 1909 |
Samuel H. Piles Seniority from March 4, 1905 (5 years, 364 days) (retired) |
Francis W. Cushman Seniority from March 4, 1899 (10 years, 124 days) (died) | |
July 6, 1909 – March 4, 1911 |
Jones (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1899 |
William E. Humphrey Seniority from March 4, 1903 (13 years, 364 days) (ran for Senate) | ||
62nd | March 4, 1911 – March 4, 1913 |
Wesley L. Jones[D] Seniority from March 4, 1909 (23 years, 260 days) (died) | ||
63rd | March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1915 | |||
64th | March 4, 1915 – March 4, 1917 | |||
65th | March 4, 1917 – March 4, 1919 |
William La Follette Seniority from March 4, 1911 (7 years, 364 days) (lost renomination)[20] | ||
66th | March 4, 1919 – March 4, 1921 |
Albert Johnson Seniority from March 4, 1913 (19 years, 364 days) (lost re-election) | ||
67th | March 4, 1921 – March 4, 1923 | |||
68th | March 4, 1923 – March 4, 1925 | |||
69th | March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1927 | |||
70th | March 4, 1927 – March 4, 1929 | |||
71st | March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1931 | |||
72nd | March 4, 1931 – November 19, 1932 | |||
November 19, 1932 – March 4, 1933 |
Clarence Dill[D] Seniority from March 4, 1923 (11 years, 305 days) (retired) |
Johnson (House) Seniority from March 4, 1913 | ||
73rd | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 |
Dill (Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1923 |
Samuel B. Hill Seniority from September 25, 1923[d] (12 years, 274 days) (appointed Board of Tax Appeals member) | |
74th | January 3, 1935 – June 25, 1936 |
Homer Bone Seniority from March 4, 1933 (11 years, 254 days) (appointed appeals court judge) |
S. Hill (House) Seniority from September 25, 1923 | |
June 25, 1936 – January 3, 1937 |
Co-deans: Bone (Senate) K. Hill (House) Seniority from March 4, 1933 |
Knute Hill Seniority from March 4, 1933[i] (7 years, 290 days) (co-dean after Wallgren elected to Senate) | ||
75th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939 | |||
76th | January 3, 1939 – December 19, 1940 | |||
December 19, 1940 – January 3, 1941 |
No clear dean[n] | Co-deans: Knute Hill, Martin F. Smith Seniority from March 4, 1933 (9 years, 305 days) (both lost re-election) | ||
77th | January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1943 | |||
78th | January 3, 1943 – November 13, 1944 |
Co-deans: Bone (Senate) Wallgren[I] (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1933 |
Co-deans: John M. Coffee, Warren Magnuson Seniority from January 3, 1937 (7 years, 346 days) (Magnuson appointed to Senate) | |
November 13, 1944 – December 14, 1944 |
Monrad Wallgren[D] Seniority from December 19, 1940[a] (4 years, 21 days) (elected Washington governor) |
Wallgren (House and Senate) Seniority from March 4, 1933 | ||
December 14, 1944 – January 3, 1945 |
John M. Coffee Seniority from January 3, 1937 (10 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | |||
79th | January 3, 1945 – January 9, 1945 | |||
January 9, 1945 – January 3, 1947 |
Warren Magnuson[L][D] Seniority from December 14, 1944[a] (36 years, 20 days) (lost re-election) |
Co-deans: Magnuson (House and Senate) Coffee (House) Seniority from January 3, 1937 | ||
80th | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 |
Magnuson (House and Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1937 |
Henry M. Jackson Seniority from January 3, 1941 (12 years, 0 days) (elected to Senate) | |
81st | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951 | |||
82nd | January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 | |||
83rd | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 |
Co-deans: Hal Holmes, Walt Horan Seniority from January 3, 1943 (16 years, 0 days) (Holmes retired)[21] | ||
84th | January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1957 | |||
85th | January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1959 | |||
86th | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961 |
Walt Horan Seniority from January 3, 1943 (22 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | ||
87th | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 | |||
88th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 | |||
89th | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967 |
Thomas Pelly Seniority from January 3, 1953 (20 years, 0 days) (retired) | ||
90th | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969 | |||
91st | January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971 | |||
92nd | January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973 | |||
93rd | January 3, 1973 – December 31, 1974 |
Julia Butler Hansen Seniority from November 8, 1960[d] (14 years, 53 days) (resigned) | ||
December 31, 1974 – January 3, 1975 |
Brock Adams Seniority from January 3, 1965[i] (12 years, 19 days) (appointed Secretary of Transportation) | |||
94th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 | |||
95th | January 3, 1977 – January 22, 1977 | |||
January 22, 1977 – January 3, 1979 |
Co-deans: Tom Foley, Lloyd Meeds Seniority from January 3, 1965 (14 years, 0 days) (Meeds retired)[22] | |||
96th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 |
Tom Foley[M] Seniority from January 3, 1965 (30 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | ||
97th | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 |
Henry M. Jackson[D] Seniority from January 3, 1953 (30 years, 241 days) (died) |
Jackson (House and Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1941 | |
98th | January 3, 1983 – September 1, 1983 | |||
September 1, 1983 – January 3, 1985 |
Slade Gorton Seniority from January 3, 1981 (6 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) |
Foley (House) Seniority from January 3, 1965 | ||
99th | January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987 | |||
100th | January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1989 |
Daniel J. Evans Seniority from September 8, 1983[a] (5 years, 117 days) (retired) | ||
101st | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1991 |
Brock Adams[D] Seniority from January 3, 1987 (6 years, 0 days) (retired) | ||
102nd | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 | |||
103rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 |
Slade Gorton[F][B] Seniority from January 3, 1989 (12 years, 0 days) (lost re-election) | ||
104th | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 |
Dicks (House) Seniority from January 3, 1977 |
Norm Dicks Seniority from January 3, 1977 (36 years, 0 days) (retired) | |
105th | January 3, 1997 – January 3, 1999 | |||
106th | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2001 | |||
107th | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 |
Patty Murray[N] Seniority from January 3, 1993 (31 years, 215 days) (Incumbent) | ||
108th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005 | |||
109th | January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007 | |||
110th | January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009 | |||
111th | January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2011 | |||
112th | January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 | |||
113th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 |
McDermott (House) Seniority from January 3, 1989 |
Jim McDermott Seniority from January 3, 1989 (28 years, 0 days) (retired) | |
114th | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2017 | |||
115th | January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019 |
Murray (Senate) Seniority from January 3, 1993 |
Adam Smith Seniority from January 3, 1997 (27 years, 215 days) (Incumbent) | |
116th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021 | |||
117th | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 | |||
118th | January 3, 2023 – present | |||
Congress | Dates | Senior senator (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
Delegation dean (Combined seniority and tenure) |
House dean (Seniority and tenure) (Cause of departure) |
References
[edit]- ^ "VICKERS, George (1801 – 1879)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
- ^ "STONE, Frederick (1820 – 1899)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ "ARCHER, Stevenson (1827 – 1898)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ "HENKLE, Eli Jones (1828 – 1893)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ "MCCOMAS, Louis Emory (1846 – 1907)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Chapter 7 § 2. Seniority and Derivative Rights". Deschler's Precedents, Volume 2 (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. January 1, 1994. p. 670. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ "FALLON, George Hyde (1902 – 1980)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ "BYRON, Beverly Barton Butcher (1932 – )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ "SHIELDS, James (1806 – 1879)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
- ^ "WILKINSON, Morton Smith (1819 – 1894)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
- ^ "HALL, Osee Matson (1847 – 1914)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
- ^ "FLETCHER, Loren (1833 – 1919)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
- ^ "MCCLEARY, James Thompson (1853 – 1924)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
- ^ "TAWNEY, James Albertus (1855 – 1919)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
- ^ Walsh, Paul (January 20, 2009). "Term expired, Minnesota-based Coleman wishes Obama well". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
- ^ "BURKETT, Elmer Jacob (1867 – 1935)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
- ^ "BROWN, Norris (1863 – 1960)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
- ^ "COFFEE, Harry Buffington (1890 – 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
- ^ "ANKENY, Levi (1844 – 1921)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ^ "LA FOLLETTE, William Leroy (1860 – 1934)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ^ "HOLMES, Otis Halbert (1902 – 1977)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ^ "MEEDS, Edwin Lloyd (1927 – 2005)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
Footnotes (positional)
[edit]- ^ a b Unconditional Unionist until 1866
- ^ a b c d e f g Previously served non-consecutive term(s) in the Senate
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Previously served non-consecutive term(s) in the House
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Senator who previously served in the House of Representatives
- ^ Senate Democratic Leader from 1890 to 1898
- ^ a b c d e f g h Second time
- ^ Senate Democratic Leader from 1903 to 1906
- ^ Elected as Farmer-Labor until 1941
- ^ a b c d as junior senator
- ^ Former Vice President (ex officio President of the Senate)
- ^ Republican until 1936
- ^ Various positions:
- President pro tempore (1979–1981, interrupted from December 5–6, 1980)
- Dean of the Senate (1978–1981)
- ^ Speaker of the House and House Democratic Leader from 1989 to 1995
- ^ President pro tempore since 2023
Footnotes (seniority)
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Senator appointed to fill intra-term vacancy; seniority calculated from date of appointment
- ^ a b Senator elected by state legislature intra-term prior to ratification of Seventeenth Amendment; seniority calculated from election date (if different from date the seat was filled)
- ^ a b c d e Shares seniority date with other officeholder(s); credited as sole dean by past non-consecutive terms in Congress
- ^ a b c d e f g Representative elected to fill vacancy; seniority calculated from date of special election (if different from date the seat was filled)[6] Cite error: The named reference "housevacancy" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Seniority over Henry M. Rice due to past tenure as a senator from Illinois
- ^ a b c d Preceding elections involved turnover of all sitting incumbents; incoming officeholders share a seniority date with no distinguishing aspects
- ^ William Windom shared seniority with Cyrus Aldrich until March 4, 1863
- ^ Morton S. Wilkinson and Eugene M. Wilson shared seniority until March 3, 1871; Mark H. Dunnell shared seniority with John T. Averill until March 4, 1875
- ^ a b c d e f g Shares seniority date with more than two other Representatives (thus unable to count as co-deans); credited as sole dean due to surname coming first alphabetically
- ^ a b Senator elected to fill intra-term vacancy after ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment; seniority calculated from date the individual assumed office
- ^ Elected late
- ^ Millard is considered Nebraska's senior senator due to a vacancy in the other Senate seat from William V. Allen's election loss.
- ^ Seniority over Hazel Abel due to tenure as a member of the House of Representatives
- ^ Homer Bone, Monrad Wallgren (Senate), Knute Hill, and Martin F. Smith (House) share a seniority date of March 4, 1933.
Bibliography
[edit]- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (1774 – 2005) (PDF), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005, retrieved November 12, 2023