Draft:Original research/Conditions

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Water is in three states: liquid (the ocean), solid (ice), and gas (invisible water vapor in the air). Clouds are accumulations of water droplets, condensed from vapor-saturated air. Credit: .

Conditions are the requirements, terms, or requisites for a particular state or quality of being.

The image at the right shows a combination of three states for water (H2O): water (a liquid), ice, and water vapor (a gas), condensing in the atmosphere to form droplets visible as clouds.

Human conditions

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Main article: Human conditions

"But was it responsible governance to pass the Longitude Act without other efforts to protect British seamen? Or might it have been subterfuge—a disingenuous attempt to shift attention away from the realities of their life at sea. Conditions were horrendous aboard most British naval vessels at the time. Scurvy and other diseases ran rampant, killing more seamen each year than all other causes combined, including combat."[1]

"Huh? has a similar form across languages because the same set of conditions leads in all languages to something like the Huh? word being produced. In the flow of conversation, people need to be sure that others know when they have failed to understand. Time runs by quickly in conversation, and there is only a short window in which to signal a comprehension problem. In that situation, one needs a syllable that is fast and easy to pronounce. Huh? does the job. The particular vowels that Huh? is restricted to in all languages happen to be the vowels that are most easily pronounced when a person’s tongue is in a relaxed position."[2]

"Think about the conditions a person is under in conversation. First, not only are people capable of responding to what others say within the time it takes a sprinter to react to the starter’s gun, but there is a social expectation that they will do so. Second, there is a social preference not to hold up the conversation by requiring others to go back and revise. It is better to avoid initiating repair. Third, there is a further preference—which competes with the preceding one—for ensuring that problems in common understanding do not pass by unresolved."[2]

Theoretical conditions

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Def.

  1. a "requirement, term or requisite",[3]
  2. a "clause in a contract or agreement indicating that a certain contingency may modify the principal obligation in some way",[3]
  3. the "health status of a medical patient",[4]
  4. the "state or quality",[3] or
  5. a "particular state of being",[3]

is called a condition.

Laboratories

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Main articles: Laboratories/Courses and Laboratories

Laboratory conditions are often expressed in terms of standard temperature and pressure.

Standard condition for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted standards. Other organizations have established a variety of alternative definitions for their standard reference conditions.

"In chemistry, IUPAC established standard temperature and pressure (informally abbreviated as STP) as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa (14.504 psi, 0.986 atm, 1 bar),[5] An unofficial, but commonly used standard is standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP) as a temperature of 298.15 K (25 °C, 77 °F) and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa (14.504 psi, 0.986 atm). The STP and the SATP should not be confused with the standard state commonly used in thermodynamic evaluations of the Gibbs free energy of a reaction.

"Standard conditions for gases: Temperature, 273.15 K [...] and pressure of 105 pascals. The previous standard absolute pressure of 1 atm (equivalent to 1.01325 × 105 Pa) was changed to 100 kPa in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued."[5]

NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi, 1 atm). The International Standard Metric Conditions for natural gas and similar fluids are 288.15 K (59.00 °F, 15.00 °C) and 101.325 kPa.[6]

Gases

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Standard conditions for gases consist of

  1. "Temperature, 273.15 K (0 °C) and pressure of 105 pascals. IUPAC recommends that the former use of the pressure of 1 atm as standard pressure (equivalent to 1.01325 x 105 Pa) should be discontinued."[7]

Hypotheses

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Main article: Hypotheses
  1. Conditions are usually variables.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ William E. Carter, Merri Sue Carter (March 1, 2012). "The British Longitude Act Reconsidered". American Scientist 100 (2): 87. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-british-longitude-act-reconsidered. Retrieved 2013-09-30. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 N. J. Enfield (May-June 2019). "Huh? Is That a Universal Word?". American Scientist 107 (8): 178-83. doi:10.1511/2019.107.3.178. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/huh-is-that-a-universal-word. Retrieved 16 May 2019. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 72.177.113.91 (13 November 2017). condition. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condition. Retrieved 2017-11-15. 
  4. ↑ Emperorbma (20 July 2003). condition. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condition. Retrieved 2017-11-15. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alan D. McNaught, Andrew Wilkinson (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book (2nd ed.). Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-684-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=dO5qQgAACAAJ&hl=en. 
  6. ↑ Natural gas – Standard reference conditions (ISO 13443). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1996. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=20461. 
  7. ↑ A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson (1997). IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed.. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. pp. 2167. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/S/S05910.html. Retrieved 2017-11-15. 
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