User:Jtwsaddress42/Projects/Project 1/Parts/Part 1

Planetary Accretion, Bombardment, and Equilibration

• Formation of the Heliosphere and planetary solar system (4.6-4.5 bya)
• Accretion of Earths Primordial Geosphere and Atmosphere
• Initial atmosphere of H₂, He, CH₄, N₂, NH₃, H₂O, Metallic Vapors, Noble Gases. Rapid loss of lighter non-polar gases. Gradual accumulation of volcanic outgassing - CO, CO₂, H₂O, H₂S
• Low abiotic concentrations of molecular oxygen scavenge electrons from other elements resulting in the formation of oxides and an anaerobic environment.
  • H₂O, CO, CO₂, P₂O₅
  • Na₂O, K₂O
  • MgO, CaO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂
  • FeO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄
• Collisional Lunar Event and extraterrestrial bombardment (4.5-3.9 bya)
• Last impactor large enough to completely boil off Earths oceans. and the first "prebiotic broths", strikes. Large impactors are still capable of boiling the Earths Oceans periodically, but the Great Bombardment is waning and the primary solvent base of the ocean is established permanently.
• The Ten Million Year Rain - The Condensation of Atmospheric Water Vapors and establishment of the hydrosphere.
• The final "Prebiotic Soup" of organic and inorganic constituents in a mineral-rich aqueous broth cooked by geological and atomospheric processes surge through the fissures of the Earths crust and mantle and then work their way back to the surface. This solution becomes increasingly dilute as water continues to condense out of the atmosphere and enters the hydrosphere. Non-polar substances partition from aqueous phase and give rise to prebiotic liposphere.
• Establishment of permanent oceans/beginning of dynamic equilibration of the Geosphere/Hydrosphere (3.9 bya) - [Mantle-Crustal-Atmospheric Redox Couple, Na⁺,K⁺,Cl^- osmolality]
• Fe²⁺ and H₂S abundant in seawater precipitates Iron Sulfide.
• Primordial upwelling of inorganic and abiotic thiorganic molecules from hydrothermal and volcanic sources flow over precipitated Iron Sulfide chimney/vent systems in a continuous flux.
• Substantial seawater concentrations of Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ limits free/soluble phosphate. Phosphate is sequestered as precipitates of Mg, Ca, Fe, and other metals.

Hyperbarometric Hyperthermophily/Thermophily, Transition Metals, Organosulfur, and Carboxylate Surface-bonders

• Iron-Sulfur World - Thio-organic Chemistry occurring on the Iron Sulfide/Pyrite surface of a Hydrothermal Vent System generating sulfur-analogs of the primary metabolites from inorganic monomers CS, CO, CS₂, COS, CO₂, H₂S, H₂O, HCN
• Iron Sulfide conversion to Pyrite serves as a kinetically inhibited source of energetic electrons for the reduction of inorganic carbon to organic carbon (Geoenergetic)
  • H₂S/(Fe,Ni,Co) Sulphides ⇒ Iron-Sulfur Clusters  
  • H-R-COS^- + CO₂ + FeS + 2 H₂S ⇒ R=CSH-COS^- + FeS₂ + 2 H₂O
• Anionic Surface-anchored Thiocarboxylates anchored on a positively charged iron sulfide/pyrite surface - (Carboxypeds)
  • Polycarboxylic Acids possess enhanced surface-bonding and retention by the iron sulfide/pyrite surface
• Pyrite-pulled Autocatalytic Proto-Reductive Citric Acid Cycle (RCC) ⇒ Chemoautotrophic Surface Metabolist (RCC Metabolic Core)
  • Thiols /(Thio)Aldehydes /(Thio)Ketones ↔ Thioenols /(Thio)Carboxylates / Alpha-Keto-Acids ↔ Alpha-Thioenol-Acids
  • Fatty Acids  
• Surface-anchored Thio-analogs of Proto-coenzyme moieties
  • 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate ⇒ Coenzyme M  
  • ? ⇒ Lipoic Acid  
  • ? ⇒ Coenzyme Q  

Expanding the core - Heterochemistry and The Introduction of New Elements

• Thioester World - Kinetically Inhibited High-energy Thioester intermediates as proto-bioenergetic transferase metabolites  
• Nitrogen Invasion - Ammonium enters the system via Pyrite-pulled Nitrogen Fixation on Fe,V,Mo Sulphide surfaces  
• Amino Acid Pathways  
• GSH-GSSG Redox Buffer  
• Surface-anchored Thio-analogs of Nitrogen containing Proto-coenzyme moieties
  • ? ⇒ Biotin  
  • ? ⇒ Coenzyme B  
  • ? ⇒ Flavin  
  • ? ⇒ Nicotinamide  
  • ? ⇒ Pantothenic Acid  
  • ? ⇒ Protoporphyrin IX  
  • ? ⇒ Pyridoxamine  ⇔ Pyridoxal  ⇔ Pyridoxine  
  • ? ⇒ Tetrahydrofolate  
  • ? ⇒ Thiamine  
• Pyrimidines  
• Purines  

Mesophily, Alkaline Earths & Phosphates

• Phosphorus Invasion - the system encounters Ferrous Phosphate (Vivianite) and polyphosphate surfaces still under a flux of H₂S and pyrite formation, enabling phosphate to enter the metabolism
  
  • Polyanionic surface-bonded phosphates anchor organic moieties on a positively charged pyrite surface (Phosphorypeds)
      
  • Phosphoesters provide a means to couple phosphoanhydride energy stores to their organic moieties  
  • pH Buffer System: H₂PO₄^-/HPO₄^2-
• Phosphorylation Pathways
• Aldose & Ketose Pathways
• PNPP
• cyclicAminoacetals/purines
• Surface-anchored protoNucleotides (protoNMP's)]
• Reversible energy-storage carriers/NucleotidePolyphosphates (NDP's/NTP's)
• NucleotideCoenzymes

Psychrophily, Coenzyme Handles, Polymerization

• Nucleic Acid World -
• Montmorillonite
• Macromolecular Polymerization
• Nucleozymes(Ligase/Nuclease/Polymerase/Replicase/AminoAcylNAsynthase/Kinase)
• Surface-bound Amino Acid-anchored 3' AminoAcylNucleic Acids(Sb3ANA's)