χαράσσω

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Ancient Greek

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Of uncertain origin.

Beekes claims that the verb, although both earlier and more frequently attested than χάραξ (khárax, “pointed stake; pole”), is a denominative formation from the latter, with original form χαράκ-ι̯ω (kharák-i̯ō). He derives both terms from Pre-Greek, and seems to reject Pokorny's traditional connection with Lithuanian žer̃ti (“to scrape”),[1] which derives the Greek from some *k-extension to a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to scratch, scrape”) (and the Lithuanian from *ǵʰer- without the extension).[2]

The donor language in question could very well be Phoenician, from the Phoenician cognate to the much-used Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חֲרַץ (ḥăraṣ, “to cut into, to incise”), Hebrew חָרַץ (ḥāraṣ, “to cut or dig a cavity into; to sharpen”), Arabic خَرَزَ (ḵaraza, “to bore into”),[3] exactly attested with the semantics of the Greek as active participle or occupational noun Punic 𐤇𐤓𐤔 (ḥrš, “crafter; engraver”).[4]

Pronunciation

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Verb

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χᾰρᾰ́σσω • (kharássō)

  1. to sharpen
  2. to engrave, carve, write, draw, stamp

Conjugation

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   Present: χᾰρᾰ́σσω, χᾰρᾰ́σσομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative χᾰρᾰ́σσω χᾰρᾰ́σσεις χᾰρᾰ́σσει χᾰρᾰ́σσετον χᾰρᾰ́σσετον χᾰρᾰ́σσομεν χᾰρᾰ́σσετε χᾰρᾰ́σσουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive χᾰρᾰ́σσω χᾰρᾰ́σσῃς χᾰρᾰ́σσῃ χᾰρᾰ́σσητον χᾰρᾰ́σσητον χᾰρᾰ́σσωμεν χᾰρᾰ́σσητε χᾰρᾰ́σσωσῐ(ν)
optative χᾰρᾰ́σσοιμῐ χᾰρᾰ́σσοις χᾰρᾰ́σσοι χᾰρᾰ́σσοιτον χᾰρᾰσσοίτην χᾰρᾰ́σσοιμεν χᾰρᾰ́σσοιτε χᾰρᾰ́σσοιεν
imperative   χᾰ́ρᾰσσε χᾰρᾰσσέτω χᾰρᾰ́σσετον χᾰρᾰσσέτων   χᾰρᾰ́σσετε χᾰρᾰσσόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative χᾰρᾰ́σσομαι χᾰρᾰ́σσῃ,
χᾰρᾰ́σσει 		χᾰρᾰ́σσεται χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθον χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθον χᾰρᾰσσόμεθᾰ χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθε χᾰρᾰ́σσονται
subjunctive χᾰρᾰ́σσωμαι χᾰρᾰ́σσῃ χᾰρᾰ́σσηται χᾰρᾰ́σσησθον χᾰρᾰ́σσησθον χᾰρᾰσσώμεθᾰ χᾰρᾰ́σσησθε χᾰρᾰ́σσωνται
optative χᾰρᾰσσοίμην χᾰρᾰ́σσοιο χᾰρᾰ́σσοιτο χᾰρᾰ́σσοισθον χᾰρᾰσσοίσθην χᾰρᾰσσοίμεθᾰ χᾰρᾰ́σσοισθε χᾰρᾰ́σσοιντο
imperative   χᾰρᾰ́σσου χᾰρᾰσσέσθω χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθον χᾰρᾰσσέσθων   χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθε χᾰρᾰσσέσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive χᾰρᾰ́σσειν χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθαι
participle m χᾰρᾰ́σσων χᾰρᾰσσόμενος
f χᾰρᾰ́σσουσᾰ χᾰρᾰσσομένη
n χᾰρᾰ́σσον χᾰρᾰσσόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: χᾰρᾰ́ξω
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative χᾰρᾰ́ξω χᾰρᾰ́ξεις χᾰρᾰ́ξει χᾰρᾰ́ξετον χᾰρᾰ́ξετον χᾰρᾰ́ξομεν χᾰρᾰ́ξετε χᾰρᾰ́ξουσῐ(ν)
optative χᾰρᾰ́ξοιμῐ χᾰρᾰ́ξοις χᾰρᾰ́ξοι χᾰρᾰ́ξοιτον χᾰρᾰξοίτην χᾰρᾰ́ξοιμεν χᾰρᾰ́ξοιτε χᾰρᾰ́ξοιεν
active
infinitive χᾰρᾰ́ξειν
participle m χᾰρᾰ́ξων
f χᾰρᾰ́ξουσᾰ
n χᾰρᾰ́ξον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰ, ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰ ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰς ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξε(ν) ἐχᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτον ἐχᾰρᾰξᾰ́την ἐχᾰρᾰ́ξᾰμεν ἐχᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτε ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰν
subjunctive χᾰρᾰ́ξω χᾰρᾰ́ξῃς χᾰρᾰ́ξῃ χᾰρᾰ́ξητον χᾰρᾰ́ξητον χᾰρᾰ́ξωμεν χᾰρᾰ́ξητε χᾰρᾰ́ξωσῐ(ν)
optative χᾰρᾰ́ξαιμῐ χᾰρᾰ́ξειᾰς,
χᾰρᾰ́ξαις 		χᾰρᾰ́ξειε(ν),
χᾰρᾰ́ξαι 		χᾰρᾰ́ξαιτον χᾰρᾰξαίτην χᾰρᾰ́ξαιμεν χᾰρᾰ́ξαιτε χᾰρᾰ́ξειᾰν,
χᾰρᾰ́ξαιεν
imperative   χᾰ́ρᾰξον χᾰρᾰξᾰ́τω χᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτον χᾰρᾰξᾰ́των   χᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτε χᾰρᾰξᾰ́ντων
passive indicative ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθην ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθης ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθη ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθητον ἐχᾰρᾰχθήτην ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθημεν ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθητε ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθησᾰν
subjunctive χᾰρᾰχθῶ χᾰρᾰχθῇς χᾰρᾰχθῇ χᾰρᾰχθῆτον χᾰρᾰχθῆτον χᾰρᾰχθῶμεν χᾰρᾰχθῆτε χᾰρᾰχθῶσῐ(ν)
optative χᾰρᾰχθείην χᾰρᾰχθείης χᾰρᾰχθείη χᾰρᾰχθεῖτον,
χᾰρᾰχθείητον 		χᾰρᾰχθείτην,
χᾰρᾰχθειήτην 		χᾰρᾰχθεῖμεν,
χᾰρᾰχθείημεν 		χᾰρᾰχθεῖτε,
χᾰρᾰχθείητε 		χᾰρᾰχθεῖεν,
χᾰρᾰχθείησᾰν
imperative   χᾰρᾰ́χθητῐ χᾰρᾰχθήτω χᾰρᾰ́χθητον χᾰρᾰχθήτων   χᾰρᾰ́χθητε χᾰρᾰχθέντων
active passive
infinitive χᾰρᾰ́ξαι χᾰρᾰχθῆναι
participle m χᾰρᾰ́ξᾱς χᾰρᾰχθείς
f χᾰρᾰ́ξᾱσᾰ χᾰρᾰχθεῖσᾰ
n χᾰρᾰ́ξᾰν χᾰρᾰχθέν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: κεχᾰ́ρᾰγμαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
middle/
passive 		indicative κεχᾰ́ρᾰγμαι κεχᾰ́ρᾰξαι κεχᾰ́ρᾰκται κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον κεχᾰρᾰ́γμεθᾰ κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθε κεχᾰρᾰ́γᾰται
subjunctive κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ὦ κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ᾖς κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ᾖ κεχᾰρᾰγμένω ἦτον κεχᾰρᾰγμένω ἦτον κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ὦμεν κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ἦτε κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
optative κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴην κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴης κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴη κεχᾰρᾰγμένω εἴητον/εἶτον κεχᾰρᾰγμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
imperative   κεχᾰ́ρᾰξο κεχᾰρᾰ́χθω κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον κεχᾰρᾰ́χθων   κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθε κεχᾰρᾰ́χθων
middle/passive
infinitive κεχᾰρᾰ́χθαι
participle m κεχᾰρᾰγμένος
f κεχᾰρᾰγμένη
n κεχᾰρᾰγμένον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χαράσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1614-5
  2. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*ǵʰer-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 441
  3. ^ Müller, David Heinrich (1887) “Arabisch-aramäische Glossen”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes‎[1] (in German), volume 1, page 25
  4. ^ Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000) Phoenician-Punic Dictionary (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 90), Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies Leuven, →ISBN, pages 198–199

Further reading

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