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See also: Appendix:Variations of "-"
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Character variations
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Translingual
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Punctuation mark
[edit]— (English name em dash) (Alt + 0151)
- Demarcates parenthetical thought. See — —.
- 1811, [Jane Austen], chapter XV, in Sense and Sensibility […], volume I, London: […] C[harles] Roworth, […], and published by T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, pages 182–183:
- I have explained it to myself in the most satisfactory way;—but you, Elinor, who love to doubt where you can——It will not satisfy you I know; but you shall not talk me out of my trust in it.
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:—.
- Indicates a logical consequence.
- Synonym: :
- Indicates aposiopesis, an abrupt breaking-off in speech. See also … (“the ellipsis”).
- Separates a term from its definition.
- Indicates a lack of data in a table.[1]
- Alternative form of ― (“horizontal bar; quotation dash; introduces a line of dialogue”)
- Used to censor letters in obscene words.
- 1820, Cruikshank, All among the Hottentots capering to shore[1] (painting; in English):
- D—n the Devil .. he be going to eat me!!! — Rot me if he ain't as bloody minded as a Manchester butcher! Oh! dear! Oh! dear!! D—n your outlandish jaws!!
- D—n. [Damn] F—k. [Fuck]
- Synonym: ⸺
- (dated, fiction) Used to replace part or all of a person's name, a place name, a date, or so forth. [chiefly 19th century]
- 1748, a Lady, in a Letter to her Friend in the Country, A Free Comment on the Late Mr. W—g—n’s Apology for His Conduct; Which Clears Up the Obscurities of That Celebrated Posthumous Work, and Dissipates the Clouds in Which the Author Has Thought Proper to Envelope His Meaning (in English), London: […] W. Webb, page 15:
- I hope D—ds—y will look to theſe literal Errors, he being the only one of the Trade I can venture to truſt.
- Used as a ditto mark in lists or tables to indicate a repetition of appropriate content above.
- Synonym: —〃—
- 1950, United States Census, New York, page listing Frank Valasky of New York City:
- Valasky, Frank […]
- —, Edna M […]
- (music) A pointing mark in Anglican chant, used as a placeholder in the text to indicate that a bar of the chant should be omitted; typically used when a verse or half-verse is very short.
Coordinate terms
[edit]- (ditto mark): see 〃
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- Afrikaans: “ ”, ‘ ’, „ ”, ‚ ’
- Albanian: „ “, ‘ ’
- Arabic: « », ( ), “ ”
- Armenian: « »
- Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: « », “ ”
- Azerbaijani: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, " ", ‘ ’, ' '
- Basque: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, ‘ ’
- Belarusian: « », “ ”
- Bulgarian: „ “, ’ ’, ‘ ’, « », ’ ’, ‘ ’, —
- Catalan: « », “ ”, ‘ ’
- Chinese: “ ”, ‘ ’, 「 」, 『 』
- Czech: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Danish: » «, „ “, › ‹, ‚ ’, ” ”, ’ ’
- Dutch: ‘ ’, “ ”, ‚ ’, „ ”
- English U.K.: ' ', " ", ‘ ’, “ ”
- English U.S.: " ", ' ', “ ”, ‘ ’
- Esperanto: “ ”, ‘ ’, —
- Estonian: „ “, « »
- Filipino: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Finnish: ” ”, ’ ’, » »
- French: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, —
- Georgian: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- German: „ “, ‚ ‘ ; » «, › ‹ ; regional: « », ‹ ›
- Greek: « », “ ”, —
- Hungarian: „ ”, » «, —
- Icelandic: „ “, ‚ ‘
- Indonesian: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Interlingua: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Irish: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Italian: « », ‹ ›, ‟ ”, ‛ ’
- Japanese: 「 」, 『 』, 〝 〟, 〝 〞
- Korean: “ ”, ‘ ’, 『 』, 「 」
- Latvian: « », „ “
- Lithuanian: « », „ “
- Lower Sorbian: „ “, ‚ ‘
- Macedonian: „ “, ’ ‘
- Northern Kurdish: « »
- Norwegian: « », „ “, ‘ ’, ‚ ‘
- Persian: « »
- Polish: „ ”, « », » «, —
- Portuguese: “ ”, ‘ ’, « », —
- Romanian: „ ”, « », —
- Russian: « », „ “, „ ”, —
- Serbo-Croatian: „ ”, ” ”, ‘ ’, ’ ’, „ “, » «
- Slovak: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Slovene: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Spanish: « », “ ”, ‘ ’, —
- Swedish: ” ”, ’ ’, » », » «, —
- Thai: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Turkish: “ ”, ‘ ’, « », › ‹, —
- Ukrainian: « », „ ”, ‚ ‘
- Vietnamese: “ ”, —
- Welsh: ‘ ’, “ ”
quotation marks - all matched-pairs
- Curved double quotation marks: “ ”, ” ”, „ ”, „ “, ‟ ”
- Curved single quotation marks: ‘ ’, ’ ’, ‚ ’, ‚ ‘, ’ ‘, ‛ ’
- Straight double quotation marks: " "
- Straight single quotation marks: ' '
- Guillemets: « », » «, » »
- Single guillemets: ‹ ›, › ‹
- Corner brackets: 「 」, 『 』
- Prime quotation marks: 〝 〟, 〝 〞
quotation marks and quotation dashes - all single characters
- Curved double quotation marks: “, ”, „, ‟
- Curved single quotation marks and apostrophes: ‘, ’, ‚, ‛
- Straight double quotation mark: "
- Straight single quotation mark and apostrophe: '
- Prime quotation marks: 〝, 〞, 〟
- Guillemets: «, »
- Single guillemets: ‹, ›
- Corner brackets: 「, 」, 『, 』
- Quotation dashes: — (em dash), ― (horizontal bar), – (en dash)
- apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ )
- curly brackets or braces (US) ( { } )
- square brackets or brackets (US) ( [ ] )
- colon ( : )
- comma ( , )
- dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― )
- ellipsis ( … )
- exclamation mark ( ! )
- fraction slash ( ⁄ )
- guillemets ( « » ) ( ‹ › )
- hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ )
- interpunct ( · )
- interrobang (rare) ( ‽ )
- brackets or parentheses (US, Canada) ( ( ) )
- full stop or period (US, Canada) ( . )
- question mark ( ? )
- quotation marks (formal) ( ‘ ’ ‚ ) ( “ ” „ )
- quotation marks (informal, computing) ( " ) ( ' )
- semicolon ( ; )
- slash or stroke (UK) ( / )
- space ( ] [ )
References
[edit]- ^ Joan G. Nagle, Handbook for preparing engineering documents: from concept to completion, 1995, p. 114:
We can use the word none or N/D (no data), or insert an em dash; any of these entries show that we haven't simply forgotten to fill the cell. N/A is commonly used for not applicable. It's good practice to footnote N/A or N/D the first time it is used.
English
[edit]Abbreviation
[edit]—
- (stenoscript) the letter sequence ⟨th⟩
- (stenoscript) Abbreviation of the.
- (stenoscript) the sound sequences /(V)nd/, /(V)nt/
- (stenoscript) the suffixes or sequences mand, mend, mond, -ment
- (e.g. ⟨a— —⟩ amendment)
Usage notes
[edit]- (stenoscript) The dash may be written low, along the baseline, or high, at x-height, as convenient for whichever letters it links to. For example, with mo—n for 'more than', the dash is likely to be written at x-height.
- (stenoscript) When used as punctuation, an en or em dash is doubled, like a long ⹀, to distinguish it from its phonetic use.
Russian
[edit]Punctuation mark
[edit]—
- Indicates zero (omission) of the present tense of быть (bytʹ). Called тире́ (tirɛ́) in Russian.
- Used in — —.
- Replaces ‐ in some appositions, where hyphen would be used to connect the appositive word and the word in apposition if neither of them were a phrase.
- Не́которые госуда́рства — чле́ны ЕС ��репя́тствуют размеще́нию бе́женцев на свое́й террито́рии.
- Nékotoryje gosudárstva — člény JeS prepjátstvujut razmeščéniju béžencev na svojéj territórii.
- Some EU member states prevent placement of refugees on their territory.
Usage notes
[edit]- — is not used when the subject is a pronoun; e.g. я ру́сский (ja rússkij, “I am Russian”) or with predicative adjectives.
- — — are preferred over ( ) when the supplemental information is necessary to understand the writer's point and can't be dropped.
- A dash or a hyphen is used in Russian apposition when the first word (or first words) is not a form of address (e.g. товарищ (tovarišč)) and the second word is an appellative.
Categories:
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- Small Form Variants block
- CJK Compatibility Forms block
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual punctuation marks
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- mul:Fiction
- mul:Music
- English stenoscript abbreviations
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