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U+542B, 含
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-542B

[U+542A]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+542C]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 30, +4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓口 (OINR), four-corner 80602, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 178, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3350
  • Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 592, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+542B

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ɡɯːm) : phonetic (OC *krɯm) + semantic (mouth).

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gam (to put into mouth; to seize with mouth) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan འགམ་པ ('gam pa, to put into the mouth), Proto-Tani *g(j)am (bite).

Within Chinese, cognate with (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm, “to contain; box; letter”) (Schuessler, 2007). (OC *ɡraːm, “to carry in the mouth; horse's bit”) is probably related. Bodman (1980) considers (OC *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ) to be the endoactive of (OC *ɡɯːm, “to hold in the mouth”), literally “the thing that holds something in the mouth”.

Pronunciation

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Note: hén - "to hold or keep; to hold or keep in the mouth".
Note:
  • gàng - vernacular;
  • hàng - literary.
Note:
  • kâm/kâⁿ - vernacular;
  • hâm - literary.
Note:
  • gam5 - vernacular;
  • ham5 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /xan³⁵/
Harbin /xan²⁴/
Tianjin /xan⁴⁵/
Jinan /xã⁴²/
Qingdao /xã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xan⁴²/
Xi'an /xã²⁴/
Xining /xã²⁴/
Yinchuan /xan⁵³/
Lanzhou /xɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /xan⁵¹/
Wuhan /xan²¹³/
Chengdu /xan³¹/
Guiyang /xan²¹/
Kunming /xã̠³¹/
Nanjing /xaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /xæ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /xɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /xæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦø²³/
Suzhou /ɦø¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦø³¹/
/gaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /xɛ⁴⁴/
/kʰɛ⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /xan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦan¹²/
Gan Nanchang /hɵn²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /ham¹¹/
Taoyuan /hɑm¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐm²¹/
Nanning /hɐm²¹/
Hong Kong /hɐm²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ham³⁵/
/kam³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /aŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /ham⁵⁵/
/kam⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ham³¹/
/kam³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (33)
Final () (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter hom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦʌm/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦəm/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦəm/
Li
Rong
/ɣᴀm/
Wang
Li
/ɣɒm/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
hán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ham4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
hán
Middle
Chinese
‹ hom ›
Old
Chinese
/*Cə-m-kˁ[ə]m/
English hold in the mouth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 6560
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡɯːm/

Definitions

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  1. to hold or keep in the mouth
    [Cantonese]  ―  ham4 zyu6 zi1 jin1 [Jyutping]  ―  to hold a cigarette in the mouth
  2. to contain inside; to comprise; to include
    油漆油漆  ―  hánqiān yóuqī  ―  lead paint
    眼裡眼里  ―  yǎnlǐ hánzhe lèi  ―  tears in the eyes
    [Hokkien]  ―  thâm kâⁿ hoeh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  blood in phlegm
  3. (literary, or in compounds) to bear; to endure
  4. to harbor (emotion); to nurse; to endure; to hold back
      ―  hánhèn  ―  to nurse hatred
  5. (Hong Kong Cantonese, euphemistic) Short for 含撚. (all senses)
    真係 [Cantonese, trad.]
    真系 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gam1 pou1 zan1 hai6 ham4 laa3! [Jyutping]
    We are really screwed this time
  6. a surname: Han
Synonyms
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  • (to hold in the mouth): (xián)
  • (to bear):
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  • (to include):
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Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Exoactive or causative of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with (OC *ɡɯːms, “to resent”).

Pronunciation

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BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
hán
Middle
Chinese
‹ homH ›
Old
Chinese
/*Cə-m-[k]ˁ[ə]m-s/
English to put in the mouth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

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  1. Original form of (hán, “gems and pearls stuffed into a corpse's mouth”).
  2. to put gems and pearls into a corpse's mouth

Etymology 3

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Ultimately from Hebrew חָם.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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  1. (biblical) Ham
    語系语系  ―  Shǎn-Hán yǔxì  ―  Semito-Hamitic language family

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. include, contain

Readings

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Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun 머금을 (meogeumeul ham))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.