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U+8FD1, 近
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8FD1

[U+8FD0]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8FD2]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 162, +4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹一中 (YHML), four-corner 32302, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38752
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3819, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+8FD1

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms 𣥍

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) : semantic (walk) + phonetic (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something.

Etymology

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Karlgren (1933) relates (OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) to (OC *kɯl, “imminent”).

(OC *ɡɯns, “to come near to; to approach”) is the exoactive/causative derivation of (OC *ɡɯnʔ, “to be near”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Compare Proto-Vietic *t-kəɲ, whence Vietnamese gần (near).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kan5 - vernacular;
  • gan6 - literary.
Note:
  • kin1 - vernacular;
  • gin5 - literary.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • khiun - literary;
    • khiûn - vernacular.
  • Meixian:
    • kiun4 - literary;
    • kiun1 - vernacular.
Note:
  • geng6 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
  • gêng6 - Jieyang;
  • ging6 - Chaoyang.
Note:
  • jin5 - vernacular;
  • jin4 - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡ɕin⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕin⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiə̃⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕin³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕin³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡ɕin¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕin²¹³/
    Kunming /t͡ɕĩ¹/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡ɕin⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /d͡ʑin³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡ʑin¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑaŋ³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃³⁵/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    /t͡ɕin¹¹/
    Xiangtan /d͡ʑin²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰin²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /kʰiun⁴⁴/ 好~
    /kʰiun⁵³/ ~來
    Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐn²²/
    Nanning /kʰɐn²⁴/
    /kɐn²²/
    Hong Kong /kɐn²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kun²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /køyŋ²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kyiŋ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kɯŋ³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /kin³³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial () (30) (30)
    Final () (57) (57)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division () III III
    Fanqie
    Baxter gj+nX gj+nH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɡɨnX/ /ɡɨnH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɡɨnX/ /ɡɨnH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ɡiənX/ /ɡiənH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /gɨnX/ /gɨnH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ɡiənX/ /ɡiənH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ɡĭənX/ /ɡĭənH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /gi̯ənX/ /gi̯ənH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    jìn jìn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gan6 gan6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    jìn jìn
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ gjɨnX › ‹ gjɨnH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*N-kərʔ/ /*s-N-kərʔ-s/
    English near be near to (v.t.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 6659 6660
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1 1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ɡɯnʔ/ /*ɡɯns/

    Definitions

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    1. (of distances) near; close
      容易遲到 [MSC, trad.]
      容易迟到 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhù yuè jìn yuè róngyì chídào. [Pinyin]
      Those who live closer (to the destination) are more likely to be late.
      屋企學校 [Cantonese, trad.]
      屋企学校 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 uk1 kei2 hou2 kan5 hok6 haau6. [Jyutping]
      My home is close to my school.
    2. (of time) near; close
      現在春節 [MSC, trad.]
      现在春节 [MSC, simp.]
      Xiànzài lí chūnjié yuè lái yuè jìn le. [Pinyin]
      We are now getting closer to the Chinese New Year.
      冇乜好聽 [Cantonese, trad.]
      冇乜好听 [Cantonese, simp.]
      gan6 nei1 gei2 nin4 dou1 mou5 mat1 san1 go1 hou2 teng1. [Jyutping]
      There have been few good new songs in the past few years.
    3. intimate; close (on affectionate terms)
      [MSC, trad.]
      [MSC, simp.]
      Bié gēn tā zǒu dé tài jìn. [Pinyin]
      Don't be too close with him.
    4. to approach; to be close to
        ―  jìn qiān rén  ―  nearly one thousand people
      四十  ―  nián jìn sìshí  ―  approaching forty
    5. easy to understand
        ―  qiǎnjìn  ―  easy to understand
    6. (Wenzhounese) to make a profit; to earn

    Synonyms

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    • (near; close):
    • (intimate):
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    Compounds

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    Further reading

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    Japanese

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    Shinjitai
    Kyūjitai
    [1]

    近󠄁
    +&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    近󠄃
    +&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

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    (Second grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. near, close

    Readings

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    Proper noun

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    (こん) (Kon

    1. a surname

    References

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    1. ^ ”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    (eumhun 가까울 (gakkaul geun))

    1. hanja form? of (near; close)

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Nôm readings: cận, cặn, gàn, gần

    1. Chữ Hán form of cận (close; nearby).