近
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]近 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹一中 (YHML), four-corner 32302, composition ⿺辶斤)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38752
- Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 18
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3819, character 12
- Unihan data for U+8FD1
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 近 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 近 | |
alternative forms | 𣥍 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 近 | |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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蘄 | *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn |
祈 | *ɡɯl |
頎 | *ɡɯl |
旂 | *ɡɯl |
圻 | *ɡɯl, *ŋɡɯːn, *ŋɡɯn |
蚚 | *ɡɯl, *ɡɯːls |
岓 | *ɡɯl |
玂 | *ɡɯl |
沂 | *ŋɡɯl |
掀 | *qʰan |
釿 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋkɯn |
齗 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯn |
听 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯnʔ |
垽 | *ŋrɯns, *qɯns |
斤 | *kɯn, *kɯns |
菦 | *kɯnʔ |
靳 | *kɯns |
劤 | *kɯns |
勁 | *kɯns, *keŋs |
赾 | *kʰɯnʔ |
芹 | *ɡɯn |
近 | *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns |
斦 | *ŋɡɯn |
欣 | *qʰɯn |
忻 | *qʰɯn |
昕 | *qʰɯn |
訢 | *qʰɯn |
炘 | *qʰɯn, *qʰɯns |
邤 | *qʰɯn |
庍 | *qʰɯns, *mpreːɡs |
焮 | *qʰɯns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) : semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something.
Etymology
[edit]Karlgren (1933) relates 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) to 幾 (OC *kɯl, “imminent”).
近 (OC *ɡɯns, “to come near to; to approach”) is the exoactive/causative derivation of 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, “to be near”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Compare Proto-Vietic *t-kəɲ, whence Vietnamese gần (“near”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jin4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җин (žin, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): qin5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jing3
- Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̄ing
- Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6jin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jin5 / jin4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
- Wade–Giles: chin4
- Yale: jìn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
- Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jin4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gin
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җин (žin, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kan5 / gan6
- Yale: káhn / gahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: kan5 / gan6
- Guangdong Romanization: ken5 / gen6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɐn¹³/, /kɐn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- kan5 - vernacular;
- gan6 - literary.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: kin1 / gin5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰin³³/, /kin³²/
Note:
- kin1 - vernacular;
- gin5 - literary.
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qin5
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰin¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiun / khiûn
- Hakka Romanization System: kiun / kiunˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiun4 / kiun1
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯un⁵⁵/, /kʰi̯un²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
Note:
- Sixian:
- khiun - literary;
- khiûn - vernacular.
- Meixian:
- kiun4 - literary;
- kiun1 - vernacular.
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jing3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕĩŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̄ing
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng
- Sinological IPA (key): /køyŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung, Penang)
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǐrn
- Tâi-lô: kǐrn
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: geng6 / gêng6 / ging6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ̆ng / kĕng / kĭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɯŋ³⁵/, /keŋ³⁵/, /kiŋ³⁵/
Note:
- geng6 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
- gêng6 - Jieyang;
- ging6 - Chaoyang.
Note:
- jin5 - vernacular;
- jin4 - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 近 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕin⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /t͡ɕin⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡ɕin⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡ɕiə̃⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕin³¹²/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/ | |
Xining | /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡ɕĩn¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡ɕin³⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡ɕin¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡ɕin²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /t͡ɕĩ¹/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/ | |
Hefei | /t͡ɕin⁵³/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕiŋ³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /t͡ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /d͡ʑin³¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /d͡ʑin¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /d͡ʑaŋ³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕin¹¹/ |
Xiangtan | /d͡ʑin²¹/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰin²¹/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiun⁴⁴/ 好~ /kʰiun⁵³/ ~來 |
Taoyuan | /kʰuŋ²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐn²²/ |
Nanning | /kʰɐn²⁴/ /kɐn²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /kɐn²²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kun²²/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /køyŋ²⁴²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kyiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kɯŋ³⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /kin³³/ |
- Middle Chinese: gj+nX, gj+nH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kərʔ/, /*s-N-kərʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯnʔ/, /*ɡɯns/
Definitions
[edit]近
- (of distances) near; close
- (of time) near; close
- intimate; close (on affectionate terms)
- to approach; to be close to
- easy to understand
- (Wenzhounese) to make a profit; to earn
Synonyms
[edit]- (near; close):
Dialectal synonyms of 近 (“near; close”) [map]
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 近, 邇 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 近 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 近 |
Taiwan | 近 | |
Singapore | 近 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 近 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 近 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 近 |
Wuhan | 近 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 近 |
Hefei | 近 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 近 |
Hong Kong | 近 | |
Yangjiang | 近 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 近 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 近 |
Hakka | Meixian | 近 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 近 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 近 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 近 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 近 |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 近 | |
Chaozhou | 近 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 近 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 近 |
Wenzhou | 近 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 近 |
Shuangfeng | 近 |
- (intimate):
- 同衾 (tóngqīn) (literary, figuratively)
- 周密 (zhōumì) (literary, of dealings)
- 密切 (mìqiè)
- 接近 (jiējìn)
- 火熱/火热 (huǒrè)
- 熱和/热和 (rèhuo) (colloquial)
- 熱火/热火 (rèhuǒ) (colloquial)
- 知心 (zhīxīn)
- 緊密/紧密 (jǐnmì)
- 親切/亲切 (qīnqiè)
- 親善/亲善 (qīnshàn) (of relations between countries)
- 親密/亲密 (qīnmì)
- 親熱/亲热 (qīnrè)
- 親近/亲近 (qīnjìn)
- 貼己/贴己 (tiējǐ)
- 貼身/贴身 (tiēshēn)
- 近乎 (jìnhu) (colloquial)
- 過心/过心 (guòxīn) (regional)
- 體己/体己
Compounds
[edit]- 不近人情 (bùjìn-rénqíng)
- 不近情理
- 不遠不近/不远不近
- 中近景
- 假性近視/假性近视
- 傅近 (fùjìn)
- 最近 (zuìjìn)
- 凡近
- 切近 (qièjìn)
- 四近
- 大近視眼/大近视眼
- 套近乎 (tàojìnhū)
- 將近/将近 (jiāngjìn)
- 就近 (jiùjìn)
- 左近 (zuǒjìn)
- 平易近人 (píngyìjìnrén)
- 平易近民
- 年近古稀
- 年近花甲
- 急功近利 (jígōngjìnlì)
- 急功近名
- 性情相近
- 思深語近/思深语近
- 恤近忽遠/恤近忽远
- 悅近來遠/悦近来远
- 愛遠惡近/爱远恶近
- 抄近路 (chāo jìnlù)
- 拉近
- 拉近乎
- 挨近 (āijìn)
- 接近 (jiējìn)
- 捨近務遠/舍近务远
- 捨近即遠/舍近即远
- 捨近求遠/舍近求远 (shějìnqiúyuǎn)
- 料遠若近/料远若近
- 新近 (xīnjìn)
- 方近
- 晚近
- 淺近/浅近 (qiǎnjìn)
- 湊近/凑近 (còujìn)
- 漸近/渐近 (jiànjìn)
- 相近 (xiāngjìn)
- 短視近利/短视近利
- 能近取譬
- 臨近/临近 (línjìn)
- 舍近謀遠/舍近谋远
- 要近
- 親疏遠近/亲疏远近
- 親近/亲近 (qīnjìn)
- 言近指遠/言近指远
- 言近旨遠/言近旨远
- 貴近/贵近
- 貼近/贴近 (tiējìn)
- 貴遠賤近/贵远贱近
- 貴遠鄙近/贵远鄙近
- 走近 (zǒujìn)
- 身遠心近/身远心近
- 近上
- 近世 (jìnshì)
- 近世史
- 近乎
- 近人 (jìnrén)
- 近代 (jìndài)
- 近似 (jìnsì)
- 近作 (jìnzuò)
- 近似值 (jìnsìzhí)
- 近侍 (jìnshì)
- 近來/近来 (jìnlái)
- 近便 (jìnbiàn)
- 近傍
- 近前 (jìnqián)
- 近古 (jìngǔ)
- 近名
- 近因 (jìnyīn)
- 近在咫尺 (jìnzàizhǐchǐ)
- 近在眉睫
- 近在眼前
- 近年 (jìnnián)
- 近思錄/近思录
- 近悅遠來/近悦远来
- 近情
- 近情近理
- 近憂/近忧 (jìnyōu)
- 近房
- 近攝鏡頭/近摄镜头
- 近支
- 近新來/近新来
- 近旁 (jìnpáng)
- 近日 (jìnrì)
- 近日點/近日点 (jìnrìdiǎn)
- 近景
- 近期 (jìnqī)
- 近朱近墨
- 近東/近东 (Jìndōng)
- 近歲/近岁
- 近水樓臺/近水楼台 (jìnshuǐlóutái)
- 近況/近况 (jìnkuàng)
- 近海 (jìnhǎi)
- 近海漁業/近海渔业
- 近火先燋
- 近焦攝影/近焦摄影
- 近理 (jìnlǐ)
- 近甸
- 近畿 (jìnjī)
- 近視/近视 (jìnshì)
- 近視眼/近视眼 (jìnshìyǎn)
- 近程目標/近程目标
- 近習/近习
- 近臣 (jìnchén)
- 近處/近处 (jìnchù)
- 近親/近亲 (jìnqīn)
- 近觀/近观
- 近郊 (jìnjiāo)
- 近郊農業/近郊农业
- 近鄉情怯/近乡情怯
- 近鄰/近邻 (jìnlín)
- 近體詩/近体诗 (jìntǐshī)
- 迫近 (pòjìn)
- 週近/周近
- 逼近 (bījìn)
- 道近易從/道近易从
- 遠交近攻/远交近攻 (yuǎnjiāojìngōng)
- 遠愁近慮/远愁近虑
- 遠近/远近 (yuǎnjìn)
- 遠近知名/远近知名
- 遠近聞名/远近闻名
- 遠近馳名/远近驰名 (yuǎnjìnchímíng)
- 鄙近
- 鄰近/邻近 (línjìn)
- 鄰近色/邻近色
- 附近 (fùjìn)
- 靠近 (kàojìn)
- 鞭辟近裡
- 馳名遠近/驰名远近
Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #4504”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
[edit]Shinjitai | 近 | |
Kyūjitai [1] |
近󠄁 近+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
![]() |
近󠄃 近+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
[edit]近
- near, close
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ごん (gon)
- Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
- Kan’yō-on: こん (kon)
- Kun: ちかい (chikai, 近い, Jōyō); ちかづける (chikazukeru, 近づける)
Proper noun
[edit]- a surname
References
[edit]- ^ “近”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]近 (eumhun 가까울 근 (gakkaul geun))
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]Categories:
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- Japanese kanji with kan'yōon reading こん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ちか・い
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ちか・づける
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