Appendix:Proto-Hellenic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Hellenic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

No. English Proto-Hellenic
1 I *egṓ
2 you (singular) *tú
3 he *ho
4 we *əsmey
5 you (plural) *usmey
6 they
7 this *yós
8 that *ho
9 here *hode
10 there *ím
11 who *kʷís
12 what *kʷíd
13 where *kʷos
14 when *kʷokʷe
15 how *kʷeyes
16 not *mḗ
17 all *pānts
18 many *polús
19 some *merikós
20 few *olígos
21 other *áľľos
22 one *hens
23 two *dúwō
24 three *tréyes
25 four *kʷétwores
26 five *pénkʷe
27 big *mégas
28 long *dolikʰós, *makrós
29 wide *plətús, *eurús
30 thick *puknos, *pəkʰús
31 heavy *gʷarus
32 small *mīkrós, *eləkʰús
33 short *brəkʰús
34 narrow *ankʰús
35 thin *leptós
36 woman *gunā́
37 man (adult male) *anḗr
38 man (human being) *ántʰrōkʷos
39 child *pā́wits
40 wife *pótnia
41 husband *pótis
42 mother *mā́tēr
43 father *patḗr
44 animal *ďṓyyon
45 fish *itʰkʰús
46 bird *órnīks
47 dog *kúōn
48 louse *kʷʰtʰéřřos
49 snake *ókʷʰis
50 worm *skṓlāks
51 tree *dóru
52 forest
53 stick *klṓn
54 fruit *karpós
55 seed *spóros
56 leaf *pʰóľľon
57 root *wrédia
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower *ántʰos
60 grass *póiwā
61 rope *tónos
62 skin
63 meat *kréwas
64 blood *éhər
65 bone *ósteon
66 fat (noun) *lípos
67 egg *ōyyón
68 horn *kéras
69 tail
70 feather *ptílon
71 hair
72 head
73 ear *ṓws
74 eye *ókʷs
75 nose
76 mouth *stómə
77 tooth *odónts
78 tongue (organ)
79 fingernail
80 foot *pṓts
81 leg *skélos
82 knee *gónu
83 hand *kʰéhr
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts *énteron
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart *kərdíyā
91 liver *yékʷər
92 to drink
93 to eat *édō
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe *pnéwō
100 to laugh
101 to see *wéydō, *gʷlépō
102 to hear *akouhō, *awiyō
103 to know *wóyda, *gignṓskō
104 to think
105 to smell *óďďō
106 to fear *dédwoya
107 to sleep *séudō, *iauhō
108 to live *ďṓwō
109 to die
110 to kill *kʷʰékʷʰnon, *kʷʰéňňō
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit *túpťō
114 to cut *támnō
115 to split *skʰíďďō
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig *orúťťō
119 to swim
120 to fly *pétamai
121 to walk *gʷəňňō
122 to come *gʷəskō
123 to lie (as in a bed) *kéimai
124 to sit *hízdō, *heďďomai
125 to stand *hístāmi
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall *píptō
128 to give *dídōmi
129 to hold *hékʰō
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash *niďďō, *pluňňō
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie *déyō
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say *enhékʷō, *pʰā́mi
141 to sing *awéidō
142 to play
143 to float *pléwō
144 to flow *hréyyō
145 to freeze
146 to swell *áuksō
147 sun *hāwélios
148 moon *méns?
149 star *astḗr
150 water *údōr
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea *póntos
155 salt *hā́ls
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth *kʰtʰṓn
160 cloud *népʰos
161 fog *omíkʰlā
162 sky
163 wind *ánemos
164 snow *kʰiyōn?
165 ice
166 smoke *kapnós?
167 fire *pū́r, *áitʰos
168 ash
169 to burn
170 road *hodós
171 mountain *óros
172 red *erutʰrós
173 green *kʰlōrós
174 yellow
175 white *leukós
176 black
177 night *nókʷts
178 day *ā́mər
179 year *wétos
180 warm *kʷʰermós
181 cold
182 full
183 new *néwos, *kəňňós
184 old *palaiós, *hénos?
185 good *ewéhus, *ehu-
186 bad *dus-
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight *ortʰwós
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife) *akros
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth *léiwos
194 wet *ugrós
195 dry *ksērós?
196 correct
197 near
198 far *makrós
199 right *deksiwós
200 left *laiwós, *skaiwós
201 at *epí, *opí
202 in *en, *ení
203 with *ksun, *meta
204 and *kʷe, *de
205 if
206 because
207 name *ónomə



Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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