Bionics

Bionics
interdisciplinary science (en) , academic discipline (en) da applied science (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	biology da engineering (en)

Bionics ko injiniya da akayi wahayi zuwa gare shi shine aikace-aikacen hanyoyin halittu da tsarin da aka samo a cikin yanayi ga nazarin da tsarin injiniya da fasaha zamani.

Kalmar bionic, wacce Jack E. Steele ya kirkira a watan Agustan shekara ta 1958, wani nau'i ne daga ilmin halitta da lantarki ^[1] wanda jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka na 1970 The Six Million Dollar Man da The Bionic Woman suka shahara, dukansu sun dogara ne akan littafin Cyborg na Martin Caidin . Dukkanin labaran uku suna nuna mutane da aka ba su iko daban-daban ta hanyar kayan aikin lantarki.

A cewar masu goyon bayan fasahar halittu, canja wurin fasaha tsakanin siffofin rayuwa da abubuwan da aka ƙera yanada kyau saboda matsin juyin halitta yawanci yana tilasta rayayyun halittu - fauna da flora - su zama masu inganci da inganci. Misali, fenti mai hana datti da ruwa (matsayi) anyi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar kaddarorin hydrophobic na tsire-tsire na lotus (sakamakon lotus). ^[2]

Kalmar "Biomimetic" anfi so don nassoshi ga halayen sunadarai, kamar halayen da, a cikin yanayi, sun haɗa da macromolecules na halitta (misali, enzymes ko nucleic acids) wanda za'a iya maimaita sunadarai a cikin vitro ta amfani da ƙananan kwayoyin.^[3]

Misalan bionics a cikin injiniya sun haɗa da jikin jiragen ruwa dake kwaikwayon fata mai kauri na dolphins ko sonar, Radar, da hotunan ultrasound na likita dake kwaikwayi da yanayin dabba.

A fagen kimiyyar kwamfuta, nazarin bionics ya samar da Neuron na wucin gadi, Cibiyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi, da kuma ƙwarewar jama'a'a. Bionics kuma ya rinjayi Lissafin juyin halitta amma ya cigaba da ɗaukar ra'ayin ta hanyar kwaikwayon juyin halitta a cikin silico da samar da mafita mafi kyau waɗanda basu taɓa bayyana a cikin yanayi ba.

Wani labarin bincike na 2006 ya kiyasta cewa "a halin yanzu akwai kawai 12% tsakanin ilmin halitta da fasaha dangane da hanyoyin da akayi amfani dasu".^[4]

Otto Schmitt ne ya kirkiro sunan "biomimetics" a cikin shekarun 1950. Kalmar "bionics" daga baya Jack E. Steele ya gabatar da ita a watan Agustan 1958 yayin da take aiki a Gidan Sashen Jirgin Sama a Wright-Patterson Air Force Base a Dayton, Ohio.^[5] Koyaya, ana son kalmomi kamar biomimicry ko biomimetics don kauce wa rikicewa tare da kalmar likita "bionics. " Bazato ba tsammani, Martin Caidin ya yi amfani da kalmar don littafinsa na 1972 Cyborg, wanda aka daidaita shi cikin fim din talabijin da jerin da suka biyo baya The Six Million Dollar Man. Caidin marubucin masana'antar jirgin sama ne na dogon lokaci kafin ya juya zuwa fiction cikakken lokaci.

Nazarin bionics sau dayawa yana jaddada aiwatar da aikin da aka samu a cikin yanayi maimakon yin koyi da tsarin halittu. Misali, a cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta, cybernetics yana tsara ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin sarrafawa waɗanda ke cikin halayyar basira, yayin da hankali na wucin gadi ke tsara aikin basira batare da la'akari da wata hanyar da za'a iya cimma shi ba.

Kwafin misalai da hanyoyin daga kwayoyin halitta da yanayin muhalli wani nau'i ne na yin amfani da tunani, bi da yanayi kanta a matsayin bayanan mafita waɗanda suka riga sunyi aiki. Masu goyon baya suna jayayya cewa matsin lamba da aka sanya akan dukkan siffofin rayuwa na halitta yana ragewa da cire gazawar.

Kodayake kusan dukkanin injiniyoyi za'a iya cewa wani nau'i ne na Biomimicry, asalin zamani na wannan fagen yawanci ana danganta shiga Buckminster Fuller da kuma tsarinsa na baya a matsayin gida ko filin karatu ga Janine Benyus.

Gabaɗaya akwai matakai uku na halitta a cikin fauna ko flora bayan haka za'a iya tsara fasahar:

• Yin kwaikwayon hanyoyin halitta na ƙerawa
• Yin koyi da hanyoyin da aka samu a cikin yanayi (misali velcro)
• Nazarin ka'idojin ƙungiya daga halayyar zamantakewar kwayoyin halitta, kamar halayyar tsuntsaye, ingantaccen abinci na tururuwa da neman ƙudan zuma, da halayyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun (SI) na makarantar kifi.

• A cikin robotics, ana amfani da bionics da biomimetics don amfani da hanyar da dabbobi ke motsawa zuwa ƙirar robots. BionicKangaroo ya dogara ne akan motsi da ilimin lissafi na kangaroos.
• Velcro shine sanannen misali na biomimetics. A cikin 1948, injiniyan Switzerland George na Mestral yana tsaftace kare da ya karɓa a kan tafiya lokacin daya fahimci yadda ƙugiyoyin burrs suka manne wa gashin.
• Tsarin ƙaho, zane-zane na saw-tooth don katako da akayi amfani dashi a farkon karni na 19 don yanke bishiyoyi lokacin da har yanzu ana yin sa da hannu an tsara shi bayan lura da kwari mai tono itace. Blades sunfi dacewa sosai kuma ta haka ne suka sauya masana'antar katako.
• Percy Shaw ne ya kirkiro Masu haskaka ido na Cat a cikin 1935 bayan ya yi nazarin tsarin idanun cat. Ya gano cewa cats suna da tsarin nuna sel, wanda aka sani da tapetum lucidum, wanda ke iya nuna mafi ƙanƙantaccen haske.
• Injin jirgin sama da jiragen ruwa na Leonardo da Vinci misalai ne na farko na zane daga yanayi a cikin injiniya.
• Resilin maye gurbin roba ne wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar nazarin kayan da aka samu a cikin arthropods.
• Julian Vincent ya samo asali ne daga nazarin Pinecones lokacin da ya haɓaka a cikin 2004 tufafin "mai hankali" wanda ya dace da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi. "Ina son tsarin da bashi da rai wanda zai amsa canje-canje a cikin danshi ta hanyar canza siffar, "in ji shi. "Akwai irin waɗannan tsarin dayawa a cikin shuke-shuke, amma mafi yawansu ƙananan ne - pinecone shine mafi girma sabili da haka mafi sauƙin aiki a kai. " Pinecones suna amsawa ga zafi mafi girma ta hanyar buɗe ma'aunin su (don watsar da tsaba). Kayan "mai hankali" yana yin abu iri ɗaya, yana buɗewa lokacin da mai sa shi yake da dumi kuma yana gumi kuma yana rufewa sosai lokacin sanyi.
• "Fuka-fukan jirgin sama masu canzawa" waɗanda ke canza siffar bisa ga saurin da tsawon lokacin jirgin an tsara sune a cikin 2004 ta hanyar masana kimiyya na biomimetic daga Jami'ar Jihar Penn. Fuka-fukan dake canzawa sun samo asali ne daga nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban waɗanda keda siffofi daban-daban bisa ga saurin da suke tashi. Don canza siffar da tsarin fuka-fukan jirgin sama, masu bincike suna buƙatar yin fata mai rufewa ya iya canzawa, wanda ƙirarsu keyi ta hanyar rufe fuka-fuka da ma'auni na kifi wanda zai iya zamewa akan juna. A wasu fannoni wannan ingantaccen tsarin fuka-fuki ne.

• Wasu fenti da teburin rufin anyi su ne don tsabtace kansu ta hanyar kwafin injin daga Nelumbo lotus.^[6]
• Gilashin ruwa na Cholesteric (CLCs) kayan fim ne mai laushi wanda ake amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar ma'aunin tankin kifi ko zoben yanayi wanda ke canza launi tare da canje-canjen zafin jiki. Suna canza launi saboda an shirya kwayoyin su a cikin tsari na Helical ko chiral kuma tare da zafin jiki farar wannan tsarin helical yana canzawa, yana nuna nau'ikan haske daban-daban. Chiral Photonics, Inc. yacire tsarin da aka tattara kansa na CLCs na kwayoyin halitta don samar da na'urorin gani masu kama da juna ta amfani da ƙananan tsawo na inorganic, Gilashin gilashi.^[7]
• Nanostructures da hanyoyin jiki waɗanda ke samar da launi mai haske na fuka-fukan malam buɗe ido an sake su a silico ta Greg Parker, farfesa na Electronics da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Southampton, da kuma ɗaliban bincike Luca Plattner a fagen photonic, wanda shine lantarki ta amfani da photons a matsayin mai ɗaukar bayanai maimakon electrons.^[8]
• An yi nazarin tsarin fuka-fuki na blue morpho butterfly kuma anyi koyi da yadda yake nuna haske don ƙirƙirar alamar RFID wanda za'a iya karantawa ta hanyar ruwa da ƙarfe.^[9]
• Tsarin fuka-fuki na malam buɗe ido ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga kirkirar sabbin nanosensors don gano fashewa.
• Kwayoyin kwakwalwa na Neuromorphic da silicon retinae suna da waya wanda aka tsara bayan cibiyoyin sadarwa na ainihi.
• Techno Ecosystems ko tsarin 'Eco Cyborg' sun haɗa da haɗuwa da hanyoyin muhalli na halitta zuwa na fasaha wanda ke kwaikwayon ayyukan muhalli. Wannan yana haifar da kirkirar tsarin haɗe-haɗe mai sarrafa kansa.^[10] Howard T. Odum ne yafara bincike a cikin wannan fagen, wanda ya fahimci tsarin da ƙarfin makamashi na tsarin halittu kamar yadda yake kama da kwararar makamashi tsakanin abubuwan dake cikin wutar lantarki.
• Ana haɓaka mannewar likita da suka haɗa da manne da ƙananan nano-gashi bisa ga tsarin jiki da aka samu a ƙafafun geckos.
• Kwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta suna nuna kamanceceniya da ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta, suna kai farmaki ga bayanan da aka tsara don haihuwar kai da watsawa.
• An tsara tsarin sanyaya na ginin Eastgate Center a Harare bayan wani tudun ƙwayoyin cuta don cimma matsakaicin sanyaya.
• Adhesive wanda ke bada damar mussels su manne a kan duwatsu, matakai, da kuma jirgin ruwa sunyi wahayi zuwa ga bioadhesive gel don jijiyoyin jini.^[11]
• Yankin bionics yayi wahayi zuwa ga sababbin ƙirar jirgin sama waɗanda ke bada gagarumin aiki tare da wasu fa'idodi. Geoff Spedding, Måns Rosén, da Anders Hedenström ne suka bayyana wannan a cikin wata kasida a cikin Journal of Experimental Biology . ^[12] John Videler da Eize Stamhuis sun kuma yi irin wannan maganganu a cikin littafin su Avian Flight, kuma a cikin labarin da suka gabatar a Kimiyya game da LEVs.^[13] Hakanan ana iya amfani da wannan bincike a cikin ilimin halittu don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen jirage masu saukar ungulu ko ƙananan UAVs, kamar yadda Bret Tobalske ya bayyana a cikin wata kasida a cikin Kimiyya game da Hummingbirds .^[14] UC Berkeley da ESA suna aiki a cikin irin wannan hanya kuma sun kirkiro Robofly (ƙananan UAV) da Entomopter (UAV wanda zai iya tafiya, yawo da tashi).
• Na'urar inji da akayi wahayi zuwa ga rayuwa na iya samar da plasma a cikin ruwa ta hanyar cavitation ta amfani da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau. Xin Tang da David Staack sun bayyana wannan dalla-dalla a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a Science Advances.^[15]

Bionics yana nufin kwararar ra'ayoyi daga ilmin halitta zuwa injiniya da kuma akasin haka. Saboda haka, akwai ra'ayoyi biyu daban-daban game da ma'anar kalmar.

A cikin magani, Bionics yana nufin maye gurbin ko haɓaka gabobin ko wasu sassan jiki ta hanyar nau'ikan inji. Bionic implants sun bambanta da kawai kayan aiki ta hanyar kwaikwayon aikin asali sosai, ko ma wuce shi.

Jamusanci daidai da bionics, Bionik, koyaushe yana bin ma'anar ma'ana, saboda yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka mafita ta injiniya daga samfuran halittu. Wannan tsarin yana motsawa ne daga gaskiyar cewa mafita na halittu yawanci za'a inganta su ta hanyar juyin halitta.

Duk da yake fasahar dake sa bionic implants ya yiwu suna bunkasa sannu a hankali, akwai wasu na'urorin bionic masu cin nasara, sanannen sanannen shine Australian-invented Cochlear implant (bionic ear), na'urar ga kurma. Tun lokacin kunne na bionic, na'urorin bionic dayawa sun fito kuma aiki yana cigaba a kan mafita na bionics don wasu cututtukan ji (misali hangen nesa da daidaitawa). Binciken halittu kwanan nan yabada magani ga matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar yanayin jijiyoyi dansa kwakwalwa, misali Cutar Parkinson da farfajiya.^[16]

A cikin 1997, mai bincike na Colombian Alvaro Rios Poveda ya haɓaka wani ɓangaren sama da hannu tare da ra'ayoyin ji. Wannan fasahar tana bada damar marasa lafiya da aka yanke su kula da tsarin hannu na hannu a hanyar da tafi dacewa.

A shekara ta 2004 an haɓaka zukatan wucin gadi masu aiki sosai. Ana sa ran ci gaba mai mahimmanci tare da zuwan nanotechnology. Wani sanannen misali na nanodevice da aka tsara shine respirocyte, wani jan tantanin halitta na wucin gadi wanda Robert Freitas ya tsara (koda yake ba'a gina shi ba).

A cikin shekaru takwas da yayi a Sashen Injiniya na Bio a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Kwabena Boahen ya haɓaka retina na silicon wanda ya iya aiwatar da hotuna kamar yadda retina mai rai yake. Ya tabbatar da sakamakon ta hanyar kwatanta sakonnin lantarki daga retina na silicon zuwa sakonnin lantarki da ido na salamander ya samar yayin da retinas biyu ke kallon wannan hoton.

A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, wakilin likitancin BBC Fergus Walsh ya bada rahoton, "masu tiyata a Manchester sun yi amfani da ido na farko a cikin mai haƙuri tare da mafi yawan dalilin asarar gani a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ray Flynn, mai shekaru 80, yana da lalacewar macular dake da alaƙa da bushewar tsufa wanda ya haifar da asarar retinal wanda ke canza hotunan bidiyo daga ƙaramin kyamarar bidiyo da aka sa'a kan tabarau. ^[17] Yanzu zai iya fitar da jagorancin fararen layin a kan allon kwamfuta na baya yayi amfani dashi, Sgus II dashi.

A cikin 2016, Tilly Lockey (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2005) an haɗa shi da nau'ikan "Hero Arms" na bionic wanda OpenBionics, kamfanin bionics na Burtaniya ya ƙera. Hero Arm wani nau'i ne mai sauƙi na myoelectric ga manya da yara masu shekaru takwas da sama da haka. Tilly Lockey, wacce a watanni 15 aka yanke hannayenta biyu bayan an gano ta da cutar meningococcal sepsis strain B, ta bayyana Hero Arms a matsayin "da gaske, har zuwa inda ya kasance mai ban tsoro yadda suke da gaske". ^[18]

A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Darren Fuller, tsohon soja, yazama mutum na farko da ya karbi hannun bionic a karkashin tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Fuller ya rasa ƙananan ɓangaren hannunsa na dama yayin da yake aiki a Afghanistan a lokacin wani abin da yafaru wanda ya shafi harsashi a cikin 2008.

Biomimetics na kasuwanci shine sabon ci gaba a aikace-aikacen biomimetics. Musamman yana amfani da ka'idoji da aiki daga tsarin halittu zuwa dabarun kasuwanci, tsari, ƙirar ƙungiya, da tunanin dabarun. Masana'antu da yawa a FMCG, tsaro, gwamnati ta tsakiya, marufi, da sabis na kasuwanci sunyi amfani dashi cikin nasara. Bisa ga aikin da Phil Richardson yayi a Jami'ar Bath an ƙaddamar da tsarin a House of Lords a watan Mayu 2009.

Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da biometrics azaman dabarar kirkirar dake nazarin samfuran halitta don samun ra'ayoyi don mafita ta injiniya.

A cikin ilmin sunadarai, kira na biomimetic shine kira na sunadarai wanda akayi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar tsarin biochemical.

Wani, ma'anar kwanan nan na kalmar bionics yana nufin haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta da na'ura. Wannan tsarin yana haifar da tsarin haɗin gwiwa wanda ya haɗu da sassan halittu da injiniya, wanda kuma za'a iya kiransa kwayar halitta ta cybernetic (cyborg). An nuna fahimtar wannan a cikin gwaje-gwajen Kevin Warwick dake kawo shigar da ultrasound ta hanyar tsarin juyayi nasa.

• Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature . 1997. Janine Benyus
• Biomimicry don Ingantawa, Kulawa, da Aiki, Springer-Verlag, London, 2005, Kevin M. Passino
• "Ideas sata Hakki daga Yanayi" (Wired)
• Bionics da Injiniya: Muhimmancin Biology ga Injiniya, wanda aka gabatar a Yarjejeniyar Injiniyoyin Mata, Seattle, WA, 1983, Jill E. Steele
• Bionics: Halitta a matsayin Misali. 1993. PRO FUTURA Verlag GmbH, München, Umweltstiftung WWF Deutschland
• Lipov A.N. "A asalin bionics na zamani. Tsarin Bio-morphological a cikin yanayin wucin gadi" Polygnosis. A'a.1–2. 2010. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1–2. shafi na 126-136. 
• Lipov A.N. "A asalin bionics na zamani. Tsarin Bio-morphological a cikin yanayin wucin gadi." Polygnosis. Na uku. 2010. Sashe na 3. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 80–91.

• Bionics Queensland
• Cibiyar Injiniya ta Halitta a UCL (Kwalejin Jami'ar London)
• Biological Robotics a Jami'ar Tulsa An adana shi a ranar 20
• Cibiyar Wyss don Injiniyancin Halitta
• Cibiyar Biomimicry
• Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta
• Kungiyar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira a cikin Design da Intelligence Lab, Georgia Tech
• Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Halitta da Tsarin Kayan Hanyar Halitta
• Ci gaban Kayayyakin da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar Maryland
• Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Halitta
• Cibiyar Nazarin Robotics da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve
• Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Halitta
• Bio Inspired Engineering a Jami'ar Kufstein, Austria Archived 2018-12-20 at the Wayback Machine An adana shi a ranar 20
• Laboratory for Nature Inspired Engineering a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania