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X86

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x86 ime je obitelj mikroprocesora koji rabe određnu arhitekturu naredbenog skupa, koji je prvotno bio razvijen za mikroprocesor Intel 8086 i Intel 8088 od strane tvrtke Intel. Inače, Intel nije jedina tvrtka koja je doprinijela razvoju x86 arhitekture jer tvrtke kao AMD i VIA Technologies su u mnogome doprinijele razvoju x86 arhitekture.

Povijest

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Pojam x86 u 1980-im i početkom 1990ih označavao je sve mikroprocesore koji su bili kompatibilini sa 16-bitnim Intel 8086. Pojam x86 danas se rabi za mikroprocesore koji su binarno sukladni s 32-bitnim naredbenim skupom koji se prvotno pojavio s mikroprocesorom Intel 80386 1985. godine. AMD je između 1999. i 2003. godine proširio naredbenu arhitekturu x86 s 32 na 64-bita, i ova proširna arhitektura dobila je naziv x86-64 dok u kasnijim dokumentima ovo je dobilo naziv AMD64. Ovu proširenu arhitekturu je usvojila i tvrtka Intel za svoje proizvode, i u svojoj tehničkoj dokumentaciji Intel je ovo prvo referiralo pod nazivom IA32e, potom EM64T, da bi na kraju usvojili Intel 64. Microsoft i Sun Microsystems za ovu arhitekturu rabile su naziv x64, dok su pojedine Linux distributije i BSD rabile naziv AMD64. U svoj operacijskom sustavu Windows, tvrtka Microsoft rabi naziv x86 za 32-bitnu inačicu, dok za 64-bitnu rabi x64.


Vremenska crta

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Vremnenska crta za mikroprocesore iz porodice x86
Generacija Opaska Istaknutiji modeli Addresni prostor Istaknute značajke
Linearni Virtualni Fizički
x86 1. 1978. Intel 8086, Intel 8088(1979) 16-bitni NA 20-bitni 16-bitni ISA, IBM PC (8088), IBM PC/XT (8088)
1982. Intel 80186, Intel 80188
NEC V20/V30(1983)
8086-2 ISA, ugrađeni (80186/80188)
2. Intel 80286 i kolonovi 30-bitni 24-bit zaštićeni mod, IBM PC XT 286, IBM PC AT
3. (IA-32) 1985 Intel 80386, AMD Am386 (1991) 32-bit 46-bitni 32-bitni 32-bitni ISA, straničenje, IBM PS/2
4. (protočnjak, priručna memorija) 1989 Intel 80486
Cyrix Cx486S/DLC(1992)
AMD Am486(1993.)/Am5x86(1995)
pipelining, on-die x87 FPU (486DX), on-die priručna memorija
5.
(Superscalar)
1993 Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX(1996) Superscalar, 64-bit sabirnica, brži FPU, MMX (Pentium MMX), APIC, SMP
1994. NexGen Nx586
AMD 5k86/K5 (1996)
Diskretna multiarhitektura (µ-op prevođenje)
1995. Cyrix Cx5x86
Cyrix 6x86/MX(1997.)/MII(1998.)
dinamično izvršavanje
6.
(PAE, µ-op prevođenje)
1995. Intel Pentium Pro 36-bitni (PAE) µ-op prevođenje, naredba za uvjetno pomicanje, dinamički izvršavanje, spekulativno izvršavanje, trostrani superskalarni x86, superskalarni FPU, Proširena fizička adresa, ugrađena L2 priručna memorija
1997. Intel Pentium II, Pentium III (1999.)
Celeron(1998.), Xeon(1998.)
on-package (Pentium II) or on-die (Celeron) L2 priručna memorija, SSE (Pentium III), SLOT 1, Socket 370 ili SLOT 2 (Xeon)
1997. AMD K6/K6-2(1998.)/K6-III(1999.) 32-bitni 3DNow!, troslojna priručna memorija (K6-III)
Enhanced Platform 1999. AMD Athlon, Athlon XP/MP(2001.)
Duron(2000.), Sempron(2004.)
36-bitni MMX+, 3DNow!+, dvoprotočne sabirnice, Slot A ili Socket A
2000. Transmeta Crusoe 32-bitni CMS pogonjen s procesorom na bazi x86, VLIW-128 core, on-die memory controller, on-die PCI bridge logic
Intel Pentium 4 36-bitni SSE2, HTT (Northwood), NetBurst, quad-pumped bus, Trace Cache, Socket 478
2003. Intel Pentium M
Intel Core (2006.), Pentium Dual-Core (2007)
µ-op fusion, XD bit (Dothan) (Intel Core "Yonah")
Transmeta Efficeon CMS 6.0.4, VLIW-256, NX bit, HT
IA-64 Prijelaz na 64-bitnu arhitekturu
1999 ~ 2005
2001 Intel Itanium (2001 ~ 2017) 52-bitni 64-bitna EPIC arhitektura, 128-bit VLIW instruction bundle, on-die hardware IA-32 H/W enabling x86 OSes & x86 applications (early generations), software IA-32 EL enabling x86 applications (Itanium 2), Itanium register files are remapped to x86 registers
x86-64 Prošireni 64-bitni
od 2001.
x86-64 is the 64-bit extended architecture of x86, its Legacy Mode preserves the entire and unaltered x86 architecture. The native architecture of x86-64 processors, residing in the 64-bit Mode, lacks of access mode in segmentation, presenting 64-bit architectural-permit linear address space, currently, only 48-bit of which is implemented; an adapted IA-32 architecture residing in the Compatibility Mode alongside 64-bit Mode is provided to support most x86 applications
2003 Athlon 64/FX/X2(2005), Opteron
Sempron(2004)/X2(2008)
Turion 64(2005)/X2(2006)
40-bit AMD64 (except some Sempron processors presented as purely x86 processors), on-die memory controller, HyperTransport, on-die dual-core (X2), AMD-V (Athlon 64 Orleans), Socket 754/939/940 or AM2
2004 Pentium 4 (Prescott)
Celeron D, Pentium D (2005)
36-bit EM64T (enabled on selected models of Pentium 4 and Celeron D), SSE3, 2nd gen. NetBurst pipelining, dual-core (on-die: Pentium D 8xx, on-chip: Pentium D 9xx), Intel VT(Pentium 4 6x2), socket LGA 775
2006 Intel Core 2
Pentium Dual-Core (2007)
Celeron Dual-Core (2008)
Intel 64 (<<== EM64T), SSSE3(65nm), wide dynamic execution, µ-op fusion, macro-op fusion in 16-bit and 32-bit mode,[1][2] on-chip quad-core(Core 2 Quad), Smart Shared L2 Cache (Intel Core 2 "Merom")
2007 AMD Phenom/II(2008)
Athlon II(2009), Turion II(2009)
48-bit Monolithic quad-core(X4)/triple-core(X3), SSE4a, Rapid Virtualization Indexing (RVI), HyperTransport 3, AM2+ or AM3
2008 Intel Core 2 (45nm) 40-bit SSE4.1
Intel Atom netbook or low power smart device processor, P54C core reused
Intel Core i7
Core i5 (2009), Core i3 (2010)
QuickPath, on-chip GMCH (Clarkdale), SSE4.2, Extended Page Tables (EPT) for virtualization, macro-op fusion in 64-bit mode,[1][2] (Intel Xeon "Bloomfield" with Nehalem microarchitecture)
VIA Nano hardware-based encryption; adaptive power management
2010 AMD FX 48-bit octa-core, CMT(Clustered Multi-Thread), FMA, OpenCL, AM3+
2011 AMD APU A and E Series (Llano) 40-bit on-die GPGPU, PCI Express 2.0, Socket FM1
AMD APU C, E and Z Series (Bobcat) 36-bit low power smart device APU
Intel Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7
(Sandy Bridge/Ivy Bridge)
Internal Ring connection, decoded µ-op cache, LGA 1155 socket.
2012 AMD APU A Series (Bulldozer, Trinity and later) 48-bit AVX, Bulldozer based APU, Socket FM2 or Socket FM2+
Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Corner) 48-bit coprocessor OS powered PCI-E Card Formed coprocessor for XEON based system, Many Core Chip, In-order P54C, very wide VPU (512-bit SSE), LRBni instructions (8× 64-bit)
2013. AMD Jaguar
(Athlon, Sempron)
48-bit SoC, game console and low power smart device processor
Intel Silvermont
(Atom, Celeron, Pentium)
36-bit SoC, low/ultra-low power smart device processor
Intel Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7 (Haswell/Broadwell) 39-bit AVX2, FMA3, TSX, BMI1, and BMI2 instructions, LGA 1150 socket
2015 Intel Broadwell-U
(Intel Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Core M, Pentium, Celeron)
SoC, on-chip Broadwell-U PCH-LP (Multi-chip module)
2015/2016 Intel Skylake/Kaby Lake/Cannon Lake
(Intel Core i3, Core i5, Core i7)
46-bit AVX-512 (restricted to Cannon Lake-U and workstation/server variants of Skylake)
2016 Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Landing) 48-bit Many-core CPU and coprocessor for Xeon systems, Airmont (Atom) core based
2016 AMD Bristol Ridge
(AMD (Pro) A6/A8/A10/A12)
48-bit Integrated FCH on die, SoC, AM4 socket
2017 AMD Ryzen Series/AMD Epyc Series AMD's implementation of SMT, on-chip multiple dies.
2017 Zhaoxin WuDaoKou (KX-5000, KH-20000) Zhaoxin's first brand new x86-64 architecture
2018/2019 Intel Sunny Cove (Ice Lake-U and Y) 57-bit Intel's first implementation of AVX-512 for the consumer segment. Addition of Vector Neural Network Instructions
Software Emulation
ARM64
2017 Windows 10 on ARM64 Cooperation between Microsoft and Qualcomm bringing Windows 10 onto ARM64 platform with x86 applications supported by CHPE emulator starting from 1709 (16299.15)
Era Release CPU models Physical Address Space New features

Izvori

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  1. a b Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual (PDF). Intel. Rujan 2019. 3.4.2.2 Optimizing for Macro-fusion
  2. a b Fog, Agner. The microarchitecture of Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs (PDF). str. 107. Core2 can do macro-op fusion only in 16-bit and 32-bit mode. Core Nehalem can also do this in 64-bit mode.

Vanjske poveznice

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