Balaenatio
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Balaenatio[1][2] est venatio balaenarum operum hominibus utilium causá, inter quae caro balaenarum et adeps balaenarum, quae in oleum balaenarum converti potest, quod oleum vicissim in conversione industriali magni momenti erat.
Balaenatio, ab ordinatis hominum gregibus ante annum 875 effecta, ante saeculum sextum decimum fuit principalis victus in litoralibus Hispaniae Franciaeque regionibus. Qui usus per orbem terrarum mox extendebatur ut magis magisque negotio et opibus naturalibus fructuosus fieret. Nonnullis mundi oceanis secundum itinera migrationis multitudo balaenarum praecipue magna erat, quam permultae naves balaenatoriae petebant, ac balaenatio usque ad ultima saeculi vicensimi decennia extendebatur. Multae autem civitates, propter deminutionem nonnullarum balaenarum specierum paene ad exstinctionem, balaenationem ante 1969 prohibebant, qui usus per orbem terrarum olim patens annis 1980 exeuntibus paene desiniit.
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Prima balaenationis genera abhinc annorum 5000 aut antea excogitata sunt.[3] Multae communitates litorales cetaceis diu utuntur. Ante annos 1930 plus quam 50 000 balaenarum per annum interficiebantur.[4] International Whaling Commission? (IWC) propter extremam balaenarum deminutionem balaenationem commercialem anno 1986 prohibuit.[5]
Balaenatio hodierna magnopere disputatur. Canada, Islandia, Iaponia, Norvegia, Russia, Corea Meridiana, Civitates Foederatae, et Groenlandia Faeroaeque, terrae Daniae obnoxiae, saeculo vicensimo uno venationem balaenarum iam sinunt. Civitates quae balaenationi commerciali favent, insigniter Islandia, Iaponia, et Norvegia, prohibitiones certarum balaenarum captarum ab IWC promulgatas, levare volunt.[6] Civitates autem quae balenationem reprehendunt, gregesque circumiecta defendentes, prohibitioni levandae adversantur. Secundum leges moratorii IWC, balaenatio aboriginalis sinitur, subsistentiae causá.[7] Observatio balaenarum negotium magni momenti in compluribus orbis terrarum regionibus nonnulla decennia est; nam in nonnullis civitatibus venationem balaenarum reposuit, sed in aliis civitatibus, ambo genera negotii simul exsistunt, non sine certa anxietate. Cetacea (praecipue Orcini orca) iam capiuntur viva ut in magnis aquariis exhibeantur.
Balaenatio temporibus praehistoricis in aquis litoralibus coepit. Prima balaenationis picturae sunt petroglypha Bangudae in loco neolithico Coreano, fortasse abhinc annorum 8000 factae.[8] Quae imagines sunt prima balaenationis indicia nota.[9] Venatio et collectio praehistoricae, quamquam in Arctica minimum effectum oecologicum habuisse late putantur, oecologiam aqua dulcis fortasse mutaverunt.[10] Multae civitates quibus balaenatio olim erat res magni momenti, sicut Nederlandia, Scotia, et Argentina, a balaena iamdudum abstinent. Canada autem, cum Islandia, Iaponia, Norvegia, Russia, Corea Meridiana, Civitatibus Foederatis, et Groenlandia Faeroisque, terris Daniae obnoxiis, saeculo vicensimo uno iam venantur.
Inter species quas venatores praecipue petunt sunt Balaenoptera acutorostrata et bonaerensis,[11] Delphinapterus leucas, Monodon monoceros,[12] et adeo Globicephala macrorhynchus et melas, quae inter minimas balaenarum species sunt. Pauciores Eschrichtius robustus, Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera physalus, Balaena mysticetus, Balaenoptera brydei, edeni, et omurai, Physeter macrocephalus, et Megaptera novaeangliae quoque interficiuntur.
Nexus interni
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ Carolus Du Fresne Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis 1840:550, s.v. balenatio.
- ↑ Etiam in silva quasi Davidis Morgan: "cetaria venatio [Bauer]; captura balaenarum (Helf.)."
- ↑ whaling. 2001.
- ↑ Francis 2015.
- ↑ Commercial Whaling. . iwc.int.
- ↑ ABC News. Japan, Norway Move to End Whaling Ban. . ABC News.
- ↑ Aboriginal substance whaling. . About Whales and Dolphins
- ↑ Roman 2006: 24.
- ↑ Mannino et al. 2015.
- ↑ Douglas et al. 2015.
- ↑ Total Catches. . iwc.int
- ↑ Witting 2017.
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Burnett, D. Graham. 2013. The Sounding of the Whale. Sicagi: The University of Chicago Press.
- Cioc, Mark. 2009. The Game of Conservation: International Treaties to Protect the World's Migratory Species. Athenis Ohii: Ohio University Press.
- Dorsey, Kurk. 2013. “National Sovereignty, the International Whaling Commission, and the Save the Whales Movement.” In Nation-States and the Global Environment. New Approaches to International Environmental History, ed. Erika Marie Bsumek, David Kinkela, et Mark Atwood Lawrence, 43-61. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
- Dorsey, Kurk. 2014. Whales and Nations: Environmental Diplomacy on the High Seas. Seattli: University of Washington Press.
- Douglas, M. S. V., J. P. Smol, J. M. Savelle, et J. M. Blais. 2004. "Prehistoric Inuit whalers affected Arctic freshwater ecosystems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (6): 1613–17. doi:10.1073/pnas.0307570100. PMC 341790. PMID 14745043.
- Drewermann, Eugen. 2004. Moby Dick oder Vom Ungeheuren, ein Mensch zu sein. Dusseldorpiae et Turici: Walter Verlag. ISBN 3-530-17010-0.
- Epstein, Charlotte. 2005. The Power of Words in International Relations: Birth of an Anti-Whaling Discourse. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
- Francis, Daniel. (2006) 2015. "Whaling." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Dominion Institute. Editio interretialis.
- Mannino, Marcello A., Sahra Talamo, Antonio Tagliacozzo, Ivana Fiore, Olaf Nehlich, Marcello Piperno, Sebastiano Tusa, Carmine Collina, Rosario Salvo, Vittoria Di Schimmenti, et Michael P. Richards. 2015. "Climate-driven environmental changes around 8,200 years ago favoured increases in cetacean strandings and Mediterranean hunter-gatherers exploited them." Scientific Reports 5: 16288. Editio interretialis. doi:10.1038/srep16288. PMID 26573384. PMC 4648091.
- Oesau, Wanda. 1939. Die deutsche Südseefischerei auf Wale im 19. Jahrhundert. Glückstadt, Hamburgi, Novi Eboraci: J. G Augustin.
- Philbrick, Nathaniel. 2000. In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. Novi Eboraci: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-100182-8.
- Roman, Joe. 2006. Whale. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861895059. Google Books.
- Severin, Tim. 2000. Der weiße Gott der Meere: Auf der Suche nach dem legendären Moby Dick. Berolini: Rütten & Loening. ISBN 3-352-00630-X.
- Witting, Lars. 2017. "Meta population modelling of narwhals in East Canada and West Greenland." Biorxiv 059691, 10 Aprilis 2017.
- Wöbse, Anna-Katharina. 2011. Weltnaturschutz: Umweltdiplomatie in Völkerbund und Vereinten Nationen, 1920-1950. Francofurti: Campus.
- Zelko, Frnak. 2013. Make It a Green Peace!: The Rise of Countercultural Environmentalism. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]![]() |
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad balaenationem spectant. |
- Into the Deep: America, Whaling & the World. Documentarium, American Experience, series televisifica.
- "Old Whaling Days." Popular Mechanics, November 1930.
- On the Water: Fishing for a Living. Exhibitio interretialis de historia maritima. Museum Nationale Historiae Americanae Instituti Smithsoniani.