Plecoptera
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Classis : Insecta
Subclassis : Pterygota
Infraclassis : Neoptera
Superordo : Exopterygota
Ordo : Plecoptera
Burmeister, 1839
Plecoptera sunt ordo insectorum, cui sunt 3500 fere specierum descriptarum,[1] novis autem speciebus iam nuper inventis. Per omnem orbem terrarum praeter Antarcticam inveniuntur.[2] Unus putantur ex maxime primitivis neopterorum gregibus, cui sunt insecta cognata ex Carbonifero et Permio inferiori aevis geologicis, cum Plecoptera vera solum ex fossilibus paululum iuvenioribus nota sunt. Diversitas autem hodierna ut videtur aevo Mesozoico orta est.[3]
Plecoptera in ambobus hemisphaeriis australi septentrionalique inveniuntur, et multitudines sunt multo distinctae, quamquam indicia evolutionaria dicunt species aequatorem identidem transisse antequam iterum geographice remotae factae sunt.[3][4]
Omnes plecopterorum species pollutionem aquaticam odierunt, et eorum praeseetia in aqua, aut flumine aut stagno, bonam vel excellentem aquae qualitatem plerumque indicat.[5]
Systematica
[recensere | fontem recensere]Plecoptera secundum traditionem digerebantur in duos subordines: Antarctoperlaria (vel Archiperlaria) et Arctoperlaria; illa autem in duobus ex "basalissimis" plecopterorum superfamiliis consistunt, quae inter se cognatae artissime conectae non videntur. Ergo, Antarctoperlaria non habentur grex naturalis (contra nonnullas affirmationes).[6]
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Arctoperlaria in duos infraordiness digeruntur: Euholognatha (vel Filipalpia) et Systellognatha (etiam Setipalpia et Subulipalpia appellatos). Quae dispositio cum phylogenia congruit, una re excepta: Scopuridae familia basalis in Arctoperlariis haberi debent, non in ullum ex aliis infraordinibus digestae. Scopuridae aliter in "Holognatha," cladum in numero non habitum, digestae sunt, una cum Euholognathis, sed Scopuridae cum Euholognathis insigniter artiores quam Systellognathis non videntur. Praeterea, cladis Antarctoperlariis Holognathisque reiectis, systemica plecopterorum tabula fieri potest quae phylogeniam satis refert cum traditionalia taxa in numero habita retineat.[3][7]
Stirpes basales ("Antarctoperlaria")
- Superfamilia Eusthenioidea
- Familia Diamphipnoidae
- Familia Eustheniidae
- Superfamilia Leptoperloidea
- Familia Austroperlidae
- Familia Gripopterygidae
Subordo Arctoperlaria
- Familia basalis Scopuridae
- Infraordo Euholognatha
- Familia Capniidae (circa 300 species)
- Familia Leuctridae (plus quam 390 species)
- Familia Nemouridae (plus quam 700 species)
- Familia Notonemouridae
- Familia Taeniopterygidae (circa 110 species)
- Infraordo Systellognatha
- Familia Chloroperlidae (plus quam 180 species)
- Familia Perlidae (circa 400 species)
- Familia Perlodidae (plus quam 350 species)
- Familia Peltoperlidae (circa 68 species)
- Familia Styloperlidae (circa 10 species)
- Familia Pteronarcyidae (circa 12 species)
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ Romolo Fochetti; José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa (2008). "Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater". Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. 595. pp. 265–377. ISBN 978-1-4020-8258-0
- ↑ Brittain 1987.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Zwick 2000.
- ↑ Hynes 1993.
- ↑ Nelson, Riley. "Clean water has bugs in it, says BYU Biology Professor Riley Nelson".
- ↑ Nelson 1996.
- ↑ Nelson 1996.
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Alba-Tercedor, J., et A. Sanchez-Ortega, eds. 1991. Overview and strategies of ephemeroptera and plecoptera. Gainesville Floridae: Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 1877743089.
- Fochetti, Romolo, et José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa. 2008. "Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater." Hydrobiologia 595: 265–377. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_39. Fasciculus praecipuus: Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment, ed. E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers, et K. Martens. ISBN 978-1-4020-8258-0.
- Frison, Theodore Henry. 1975. The stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Illinois. Angelopoli: Entomological Reprint Specialists. ISBN 0911836098.
- Hitchcock, Stephen W. 1974. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. Hartfordiae: State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, distributus a W. Brahm, bibliothecario civitatis.
- Hynes, H. B. N. 1993. Adults and Nymphs of British Stoneflies. Freshwater Biological Association. ISBN 978-0-900386-28-2.
- Lillehammer, Albert. 1988. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Lugduni Batavorum et Novi Eboraci: E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press. ISBN 9004086951.
- Nelson, C. Riley. 1996. "Plecoptera: Stoneflies.: Tree of Life Web Project, 1 Ianuarii 1996. Editio interretialis.
- Stewart, Kenneth W., et Bill P. Stark. 1993. Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Illustrationes Jean A. Stanger. Dentoniae Texiae: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 0929398556.
- Zwick, Peter. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera; phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Berolini et Novi Eboraci: W. de Gruyter. ISBN 3110045516.
- Zwick, Peter. 2000. "Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera." Annual Review of Entomology 45: 709–46. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709.
Nexus interni
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]![]() |
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Plecoptera spectant. |
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Vide "Plecoptera" apud Vicispecies. |