Indus-Mesopotamia relations

Trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus in the 3rd millennium BCE.

Indus–Mesopotamia relations started near 3500 BCE, until they stopped around 1900 BCE, when the Indus Valley civilization declined.^[1]^[2]^[3] Mesopotamia had already helped the trading of lapis lazuli between the Indian subcontinent and Egypt since 3200 BCE.^[4]^[5]

First period of indirect contact between them started because of the Neolithic Revolution and the spread of farming after 9000 BCE. The early farming in Ancient Pakistan combined local resources, like humped cattle, with farming methods from the Near East around the 8th–7th millennium BCE. Later, farming methods from Africa and East Asia were added from the 3rd millennium BCE.^[6] Mehrgarh is one of the earliest places with signs of farming and herding in South Asia.^[7]^[8] Around 7000 BCE, Mehrgarh had the early farming products from the Near East: wheat, barley, goats, sheep, and cattle.^[6] The rectangular houses and female figurines found in Mehrgarh are very similar to those from Mesopotamia.^[6]

References

↑ Stiebing, William H. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781315511160.
↑ Burton, James H.; Price, T. Douglas; Kenoyer, J. Mark (2013). "A new approach to tracking connections between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia: initial results of strontium isotope analyses from Harappa and Ur". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (5): 2286–2297. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.2286K. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.040. ISSN 0305-4403.
↑ "The wide distribution of lower Indus Valley seals and other artifacts from the Persian Gulf to Shortughaï in the Amu Darya/ Oxus River valley in Badakhshan (northeastern Afghanistan) demonstrates long-distance maritime and overland trade connections until ca. 1800 BCE." in Neelis, Jason (2011). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Brill. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9789004194588.
↑ Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9781444342345.
↑ Rowlands, Michael J. (1987). Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780521251037.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Tauger, Mark B. (2013). Agriculture in World History. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-94161-0.
↑ UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. ". Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh
↑ Hirst, K. Kris. 2005. "Mehrgarh". Guide to Archaeology

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[1] Stiebing, William H. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781315511160.

[NATC-2] Burton, James H.; Price, T. Douglas; Kenoyer, J. Mark (2013). "A new approach to tracking connections between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia: initial results of strontium isotope analyses from Harappa and Ur". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (5): 2286–2297. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.2286K. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.040. ISSN 0305-4403.

[3] "The wide distribution of lower Indus Valley seals and other artifacts from the Persian Gulf to Shortughaï in the Amu Darya/ Oxus River valley in Badakhshan (northeastern Afghanistan) demonstrates long-distance maritime and overland trade connections until ca. 1800 BCE." in Neelis, Jason (2011). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Brill. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9789004194588.

[John_Wiley_&_Sons-4] Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9781444342345.

[CP-5] Rowlands, Michael J. (1987). Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780521251037.

[MBT8-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Tauger, Mark B. (2013). Agriculture in World History. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-94161-0.

[7] UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. ". Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh

[8] Hirst, K. Kris. 2005. "Mehrgarh". Guide to Archaeology

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