Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ
- Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ Asante kasa mu
has cause | Vibrio cholerae ![]() |
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health specialty | infectious diseases, emergency medicine ![]() |
medical examination | physical examination, microbiological culture, complete blood count, rapid diagnostic test, polymerase chain reaction ![]() |
possible treatment | oral rehydration solution, intravenous fluid replacement, Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, Vaccine ![]() |
disease transmission process | food-borne transmission, fecal–oral route, water-borne transmission ![]() |
ICD-9-CM | 001.0, 001, 001.9 ![]() |
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg/220px-Adult_cholera_patient.jpg)
Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yɛ nnipa nsono mu yareɛ a ayamtuo brɛfoɔ mmoawa ahodoɔ no de ba.[1]Na ne ho mpopoeɛ no hyɛ aseɛ a wonhunu hwee,na ɛmu bɛyɛ den kakra na afei ɛmu bɛyɛ den pa ara.[2] Na ɛho mpopoeɛ a ano yɛ den pa ara ne sɛ wo yam hwie a ɛbɛhwie nna kakra no.Deɛ wobɛsan ahunu ne feɛ ne nnompe mu mmerɛeɛ. Wo yam a ɛbɛhwie no ano bɛtumi ayɛ den dɔnhwere ma wo ho nsuo nyinaa asa a wontumi mpo nnyina wo nan so papa.Ɛba no saa a, w’anim nyinaa yɛ hoyaa, wo wedeɛ ani yɛ nwunu, wo wedeɛ twintwam na wo nsa ne wo nantini woso.[3]Sɛ wo ho nsuo we a, wo wedeɛ ani sesa.[4]Berɛ a wobɛhunu saa mpopoeɛ yi,hyɛ aseɛ dɔnhwere mmienu de kɔsi nna nnum.[5]
A person with severe dehydration due to cholera, causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin. | |
Specialty | Infectious disease |
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Symptoms | Large amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps |
Complications | Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
Usual onset | 2 hours to 5 days after exposure |
Duration | A few days |
Causes | Vibrio cholerae spread by fecal-oral route |
Risk factors | Poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, poverty |
Diagnostic method | Stool test |
Prevention | Improved sanitation, clean water, hand washing, cholera vaccines |
Treatment | Oral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, intravenous fluids, antibiotics |
Prognosis | Less than 1% mortality rate with proper treatment, untreated mortality rate 50–60% |
Frequency | 3–5 million people a year |
Deaths |
Deɛ Ɛde Ba
[sesa]Mmoawa ahodoɔ beberee na ɛde ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ba ne ahodoɔ binom a wɔde nyarewa a ɛmu yɛ den ba kyɛn afoforɔ mpo. Sɛ nipa agyanan mmoawa no bi kɔ nsuo mu anaa aduane mu a, ɛno na ɛma yareɛ yi te atese pa ara.[6] Nsuomnam a ne noa no anmen yie nso tumi de yareɛ yi ba.[7] Nipadua no nko ara ne atenaeɛ a yareɛ yi tumi tena. Nneɛma ahodoɔ a ɛde yareɛ yi ba ne fi,nsuo a ɛho nte ne ohia.Yɛbɛtumi ahwehwɛ agyanan mu anaa sɛ dwonsɔtwaa mu de ahunu Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yi. Ɛwɔ mu,sɛ, worehwehwɛ dwonsɔtwaa mu,ntumi mma mmuaeɛ a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.[8]
Nsɔano
[sesa]Akwan ahodoɔ a yɛbɛtumi de asi Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ano no bi ne ahonidie ne nsupa.[9]Nnuro a wɔde si Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ a wɔde fa anomu no tumi si yareɛ no ano kwan bɛyɛ abosome nsia, na ɛsan nso boa si Ayamtuo ahodoɔ no baako a E.Coli de ba no ano. Ɛyɛ afe apem aduonu ne dunson no(2017)ɛyɛ Abrokyiman mu(US) gyee aduro baako too mu a ɛyɛ anomu Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ aduro a wɔfrɛ no "Vaxchora" na wɔde ma mpaninfoɔ a wɔadi dunwɔtwe de kɔsi aduosianan a wɔrekɔ beaeɛ a Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ hyeta ntɛmtɛm.[10]Mmɔfra nketewa nnya saa banbɔ no bi papa. Nnipa a wɔanya yareɛ yi bi, na wɔanya ahotɔ no wɔ banbɔ soronko a,ankyɛ koraa ne mfeɛ mmiɛnsa.(berɛ a wɔasɔ ahwɛ no)[11]
Sɛ obi nya yareɛ no bi a,ɔhwɛ a ɛdi kan a wɔde hwɛ no ne aborɔfoduro a nkyene wɔ mu no(ORS)ne aduro a wɔahyɛ a dɛɛdɛɛ kakra ne nkyene wɔ mu no.Ɛmo a wɔahyɛ de nneɛma binom afra nso hia.Sɛ ɛba no mmɔfra mu nso a, wɔahunu sɛ aduro a wɔfrɛ no "zinc" nso boa pa ara.Berɛ a ɛmu yɛ den mu no,nnuro a wɔakeka abɔ mu te sɛ nsuo sɛ ebia, "Ringer’s lactate" nso hia, ne nnuro a wɔde si mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba ano.Sɛ wode bɛfa aduro a wɔde si nyarewa ano no gyina aduro no ahoɔden so.
Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ kɔ so ara nya nnipa ɔpepem mmiɛnsa de kɔsi ɔpepem nnum(3-5million)wiase afana nyinaa.Na afe biara no ɛkum nnipa mpem aduonu nwɔtwe ne ahanwɔtwe de kɔpem mpem ɔha ne aduasa(28,800-130,000).[12]Ɛde bɛsi ɛnnɛ yi,Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ahodoɔ nson na asi wiase a ɛrekɔ n’anim yi, a ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ afe apem ahankron ne aduosia baako(1960) na ɛwɔ hɔ ɛnnɛ yi nso.Yareɛ yi wɔ hɔ na ɛwɔ aman a wɔakɔ wanim na wɔanya mfasoɔ pii no.Na ɛnya mmɔfra yie pa ara.[13]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ sisi mmea bi berɛ a yareɛ no ate atese wɔ saa beaeɛ hɔ.Mmea a yareɛ yi ano yɛ den pa ara ne Abibirem ne "Southeast Asia".Nnipa a wɔanya yareɛ yi bi wɔ saa aman yi so ne owuo a wɔbɛtumi awu nanso wɔbɛtumi anya ayarehwɛ yɛ bɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu nnum(5%) nanso ɛbɛtumi akɔ soro aduru ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduonum(50%) sɛ wannya saa ayarehwɛ no a.Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ nkyerɛmu no baeɛ bɛyɛ awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ nnum(5thC) ansa na Kristo reba wɔ Sanskrit.[14]Sɛ wokɔ abrokyiman mu a, na Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yɛ edin a na wɔde ma yafunu yareɛ biara na ɛnyɛ Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ na wɔde kyerɛ de kɔsi awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ dunkron(19thC) no mu hɔ ansa na saa din yi rebɛka hɔ.[15]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ho adesua wɔ Abrokyiman mu a John Snow yɛeɛ afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne aduanan ne afe apem ahanwɔtwe ne aduonum nnan(1840-1854) no mu de mfasodeɛ pii baeɛ a na ɛfa nsuo a fi wɔ mu no. Na ɛno ne adesua a ɛdi kan na wɔde too hɔ a ɛfa a ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so de asi yareɛ a ɛte atese no ano kwan.[16]
Nsɛnkyerɛnne Ne Mpopoeɛ
[sesa]![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cholera_feces.jpg/220px-Cholera_feces.jpg)
Deɛ ɛma wohunu ayamtuo brɛfoɔ ntɛm pa ara ne ayamtuo ne ɛfeɛ.[17] Saa mpopoeɛ yi hyɛ aseɛ ntɛm pa ara, ɛhyɛ aseɛ da koro ne fa de kɔpem nnanum wɔ berɛ a mmoawa no akɔ nipadua no mu no.[18]Saa ayamtuo yi, wɔ abɔdeɛ mu wɔtaa frɛ no "Ɛmo Nsʋo" na ɛwɔ nka bi te sɛ nsuomnam no.[19]Onipa a wanya Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ na ɔnyaa ayarehwɛ no yam tumi hwie, sɛ wosusu a bɛyɛ nkɔtoa du de kɔpem aduonu(3-5 US gal).[20]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ a ano yɛ den a wɔansi ano no kum nnipa a wɔanya bi no mu fa.[21] Sɛ wɔansi Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ a ano yɛ den no ano a,ɛbɛtumi ama nipadua no ho nsuo nyinaa awe na nipadua no aggigya nso.[22]Nsusuiiɛ fa yareɛ yi ho hyehyɛ firi mmiɛnsa de kɔsi ɔha(3-100).[23]Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ anya ahotɛdin sɛ "bibire wuo"[24] ɛfiri sɛ onipa a ɔnya bi no,wedeɛ yɛ bibire wɔ berɛ a ne ho nsuo nyinaa aweɛ no.
Kwan A Ɛfa So Sae
[sesa]![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vibrio_cholerae.jpg/220px-Vibrio_cholerae.jpg)
Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ wɔ nsuonam ne apotobibire mu.[25]Ɛnam aduane anaa nsuo a asɛe ne fi so na saa yareɛ yi sae.Mpɛn pii no ɛnam aduane so na Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yi trɛ wɔ aman a wɔakɔ wɔanim no, na aman nso a afei na wɔretu mpɔn no, ɛnam nsuo so na ɛba.[26] Ayamtuo brɛfoɔ yi trɛ .Aduane mu nyarewa no tumi trɛ sɛ nnipa yɛ nsuomnuane bi te sɛ oysters a yareɛ anya no wɔ nsuom te sɛ Vibrio choleraeaccumulates wɔ planktonic crustaceans na oysters di apotobibire no.
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg/220px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg)
Baabi a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ
[sesa]- ↑ Richard A. Finkelstein (1996), Samuel Baron (ed.), "Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413330, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper", Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, vol. 85, no. 13, pp. 117–128, 2010-03-26, ISSN 0049-8114, PMID 20349546, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper", Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, vol. 85, no. 13, pp. 117–128, 2010-03-26, ISSN 0049-8114, PMID 20349546, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ Diane Bailey (2010-08-15), Cholera (in English), The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, ISBN 978-1-4358-9437-2, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ Wayback Machine (PDF), archived from the original on 2015-04-13, retrieved 2024-06-12
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ Wayback Machine (PDF), archived from the original on 2015-04-13, retrieved 2024-06-12
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ CDC (2024-04-12), Cholera: Causes and How It Spreads (in American English), retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ CDC (2024-05-14), Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Cholera (in American English), retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ Jason B. Harris, Regina C. LaRocque, Firdausi Qadri, Edward T. Ryan, Stephen B. Calderwood (2012-06-30), "Cholera", Lancet (London, England), vol. 379, no. 9835, pp. 2466–2476, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X, ISSN 1474-547X, PMC 3761070, PMID 22748592, retrieved 2024-06-12
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Cholera Fact Sheet, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ Jason B. Harris (2018-10-15), "Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development", The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 218, no. suppl_3, pp. S141–S146, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy414, ISSN 1537-6613, PMC 6188552, PMID 30184117, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016-10-08), "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015", Lancet (London, England), vol. 388, no. 10053, pp. 1459–1544, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1, ISSN 1474-547X, PMC 5388903, PMID 27733281, retrieved 2024-06-12
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has generic name (help) - ↑ CDC (2024-05-12), About Cholera (in American English), retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ Jason B. Harris, Regina C. LaRocque, Firdausi Qadri, Edward T. Ryan, Stephen B. Calderwood (2012-06-30), "Cholera", Lancet (London, England), vol. 379, no. 9835, pp. 2466–2476, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X, ISSN 1474-547X, PMC 3761070, PMID 22748592, retrieved 2024-06-12
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Charles E. Rosenberg (2009-02-06), The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (in English), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-72676-2, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ Thomas C. Timmreck (2002), An Introduction to Epidemiology (in English), Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-0-7637-0060-7, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ David A Sack, R Bradley Sack, G Balakrish Nair, Ak Siddique (2004-01), "Cholera", The Lancet (in English), vol. 363, no. 9404, pp. 223–233, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7, retrieved 2024-06-12
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Andrew S. Azman, Kara E. Rudolph, Derek A. T. Cummings, Justin Lessler (2013-05), "The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review", The Journal of Infection, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 432–438, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013, ISSN 1532-2742, PMC 3677557, PMID 23201968, retrieved 2024-06-12
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ David A. Sack, R. Bradley Sack, G. Balakrish Nair, A. K. Siddique (2004-01-17), "Cholera", Lancet (London, England), vol. 363, no. 9404, pp. 223–233, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15328-7, ISSN 1474-547X, PMID 14738797, retrieved 2024-06-12
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12
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(help) - ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12
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(help) - ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12
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(help) - ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Inapparent-infections-and-cholera-dynamics-King-Ionides/9505ec6782b12f090120ddf668c94d78d550bdb8, retrieved 2024-06-12
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(help) - ↑ William B. Greenough (2008-01-02), "The blue death: Disease, disaster, and the water we drink", The Journal of Clinical Investigation (in English), vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 4–4, doi:10.1172/JCI34394, ISSN 0021-9738, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12
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: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ↑ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cholera-Sack-Sack/096beaa4e8276417d3f1f570ff7ad6a210c57de6, retrieved 2024-06-12
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(help)