Birinchi Torun bitimi
Qiyofa
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Peace_of_Torun_1411.jpg/220px-Peace_of_Torun_1411.jpg)
Birinchi Torun bitimi – bir tomondan Tevton ordeni, boshqa tomondan Polsha qirolligi va Buyuk Litva knyazligi oʻrtasida 1411-yilning 1-fevralida Torun (nemischadan – „Torn“) shahrida tuzilgan tinchlik bitimi.
Tavsif
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Hujjat 570×496+45 mm oʻlchamdagi pergament varagʻida lotin tilida. Litva Buyuk knyazi Vitovtning muhri pergament tasmasidagi diametri 50 mm boʻlgan qizil mumdagi bosma. Muhrlarsiz oʻnta pergament tasmasi[1].
Bitim shartlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Polsha Qirolligi Prussiya yerlarida urush qonuni bilan bosib olingan barcha qal’alarni magistr va Ordenga qaytardi. Polsha qoʻshinlari ham u yerdan olib chiqildi.
- Polsha qiroli janglarda asirga olingan magistr va Ordenning barcha odamlarini ozod qildi.
- Magistr va orden Polsha qiroliga va uning qirolligiga uch muddatda 100 ming tiyin qop Praga tangasini toʻlashlari kerak edi.
- Jemaytiya Buyuk Litva knyazligida qoldi, lekin Polsha qiroli Vladislav va Buyuk Litva knyazi Aleksandr Vitovt vafotidan soʻng, u Prussiya magistri va Salibchilar ordeniga[2] qaytarib berilishi kerak edi.
Maʼnosi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Urushdagi yoʻqotishlari va ittifoqchilarining imkoniyatlarini hisobga olgan holda, tinchlik shartlari orden uchun nisbatan yumshoq edi. Shunga qaramay, Buyuk Urush natijasida Boltiqboʻyida asosiy harbiy-siyosiy kuch sifatida oʻz rolini yoʻqotgan Tevton ordenining ekspansiyasi toʻxtatildi.
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Janusz Grabowski. gid,110025,cid,2339.htm?body=desc Opisanie dogovora (Wayback Machine saytida 2008-03-16 sanasida arxivlangan) // Polska.pl (pol.)
- ↑ Длугош Я.. Грюнвальдская битва. М.: АН СССР, 1962 — 154—155 bet.
Adabiyotlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Codex epistolaris saeculi decimi quinti, t. 2, wyd. A. Lewicki, Kraków 1891, nr 35;
- Lites ac res gestae inter Polonos Ordinemque Cruciferorum, ed. altera, t. 2, Posnaniae 1892, nr 65, s. 457—461;
- Weise E., Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens in Preussen im 15. Jahrhundert, t. 1 (1398-1437), Königsberg 1939, nr 83, s. 85.
- Biskup M., Labuda G., Dzieje zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach, Gdańsk 1986;
- Biskup M., Wojny Polski z zakonem krzyżackim (1308-1521), Gdańsk 1993;
- Gąsiorowski A., Formularz dokumentów traktatowych polsko-krzyżackich z XIV-XV w wieku, „Archeion“, t. 46, 1978, s. 171—184;
- Krzyżaniakowa J., Kancelaria królewska Władysława Jagiełły, Poznań 1972;
- Kuczyński S. M., Pierwszy pokój toruński (1 lutego 1411), „Zapiski Historyczne“, t. 20, 1955, nr 1-4, s. 139—165;
- Kuczyński S. M., Wielka Wojna z zakonem krzyżackim 1409-1411, Warszawa 1980 (wyd. IV);
- Sułkowska-Kurasiowa I., Dokumenty królewskie i ich funkcja w państwie polskim za Andegawenów i pierwszych Jagiellonów 1370-1444, Warszawa 1977.
- Barbashev A. I. Tornskiy mir (1411 g.) // Jurnal Ministerstva Narodnago Prosveщeniya. – Shestoe desyatiletie. – CCLXXII. – S-Pb. 1890. S. 80—105.
- Christiansen, Eric (1997), The Northern Crusades (2nd-nashr), Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-026653-4
- Davies, Norman (2005), God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795, I-jild (Revised-nashr), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5
- Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978), Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties (litva), Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija, 79346776
- Pelech, Markian (1987), „W sprawie okupu za jeńców krzyżackich z Wielkiej Wojny (1409–1411)“, Zapiski Historyczne (polyakcha), 2 (52), 28–sentabr 2011–yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi
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suggested) (yordam)CS1 maint: date format () - Stone, Daniel (2001), The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5
- Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights, Campaign Series, 122-jild, London: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-561-7
- Urban, William (2003), Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised-nashr), Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, ISBN 0-929700-25-2
Havolalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Perviy Torunskiy mir // Torunski Serwis Turidtyczny (pol.)
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