Siege of Alexandria (1174)
| Siege of Alexandria | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Crusades | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ayyubid Sultanate | Kingdom of Sicily | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Saladin | Tancred of Lecce | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown |
30,000 men 1,500 knights 280 ships | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Heavy | ||||||
The siege of Alexandria in 1174 was a short-lived and unsuccessful attempt by the Normans of Sicily to overthrow Saladin in Egypt.
Background
[edit]After Saladin abolished the Fatimid Caliphate in 1171, Fatimid sympathizers began plotting against Saladin; a conspiracy led by Umara ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Yamani included Egyptians, former Fatimid Black African troops, and some Turkish officers and soldiers. The conspirators called for aid from the Crusaders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Normans of the Kingdom of Sicily. However, Saladin was able to crack down on the conspirators and punish them. Umara was crucified on 6 April 1174, and the Egyptians and Black Africans were exiled to Upper Egypt.[1][2][3]
The expected assistance from Saladin's enemies did not materialize due to the death of King Amalric of Jerusalem, and the news of the plot's failure.[4][5][6] However, the Normans of Sicily called for their aid despite being unaware of the plot's failure.[7]
Siege
[edit]Under the command of his cousin, Tancred of Lecce,[8] William II sent out a fleet of 280 ships, 30,000 soldiers, and 1,500 knights.[9][10][11] On July 28, they arrived in Alexandria. The garrison was caught completely off guard. The Normans started attacking the city walls with their siege towers, mangonels, and catapults. The defenders needed to repel the attack until night. The defenders were able to repel the attack when the Normans moved their siege artillery closer to the walls the following day, thanks to reinforcements from the nearby villages.[12]
After the defenders launched daring sorties on July 31 and August 1 that destroyed the Norman siege engines and killed many besiegers, the garrison withdrew inside the walls.Meanwhile, [13] The Normans received word that Saladin was advancing on the city with his army to relieve it. These reports boosted the garrison's morale, and they mounted a nighttime sortie that drove the Normans to their ships and out to sea.[14] The Normans left the city on August 2 and returned home.[15][16]
References
[edit]- ^ Stanley Lane-Poole, p. 126
- ^ Geoffrey Hindley, p. 69
- ^ Michael S. Fulton, p. 128
- ^ Thomas F. Madden, p. 69
- ^ Stanley Lane-Poole, p. 127
- ^ Geoffrey Hindley, p. 70
- ^ Stanley Lane-Poole, p. 127
- ^ Hervin Fernández Aceves, p. 168
- ^ Stanley Lane-Poole, p. 127
- ^ Geoffrey Hindley, p. 70
- ^ Bernard Hamilton, p. 87
- ^ Stanley Lane-Poole, p. 127
- ^ Michael S. Fulton, p. 128
- ^ Stanley Lane-Poole, p. 127-8
- ^ Bernard Hamilton, p. 87
- ^ Geoffrey Hindley, p. 70
Sources
[edit]- Stanley Lane-Poole, Saladin and the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[1]
- Geoffrey Hindley, Saladin : hero of Islam.[2]
- Michael S. Fulton, Artillery in the Era of the Crusades, Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology.[3]
- Thomas F. Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades.[4]
- Hervin Fernández Aceves, County and Nobility in Norman Italy, Aristocratic Agency in the Kingdom of Sicily, 1130–1189.[5]
- Bernard Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs, Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.[6]