Fusor
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Fusor是一种实验装置,它以电场来加热离子,直到产生适合核聚变的情况。这是一种惯性静电约束装置,主体内部呈真空状态,当中有两个带着电极的金属笼子,产生电压。带着正电的离子进入这个装置,会被电场牵引而加速、发热,并集中在中心位置。当达到适合的温度,离子在装置中心的浓度也增加,若发生相互碰撞,且燃料适当(氘)即会发生核聚变。
这种实验装置,最常见的类型,是Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor。[2]这个装置由美国发明家费罗·法恩斯沃斯(1964年)和罗泊特·赫舍在1967年发明。[3][4]洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的William Elmore,James L. Tuck与Ken Watson,曾经提出另一个构想,[5]但是没有实际作出来。
目前这种装置的输出功率远小于输入功率,还不能作为能源,但是可以用作实际的中子源。
机制
[编辑]Fusor这个装置包含两个用金属线作成的笼子,外层的金属笼子为阳极,而内层的笼子为阴极,这两个笼子被包覆起来,装置内形成真空。当带着正电的离子进入装置,会被内层外层电极形成的电场牵引,向内部加速。随着离子的速度增加,温度也会随之增加。电场牵引著离子,使它的速度上升,温度也上升,一直加热到可能发生核聚变的状态。在装置中心位置,离子浓度会增高,若发生碰撞,可能有几个离子发生核聚变。
每增加1伏特的电压,可以使离子温度增加11,604开尔文。典型的磁约束聚变装置产生的等离子体,约为15 keV或是170 megakelvin。只要有15,000伏特的电压,就可以使带着正电的离子加热到这个程度。但因为这个装置的电阻会使能量产生很高的耗损,因此类似的装置,输入功率都会大于输出功率,通常无法实际产出能量。
历史
[编辑]这种核聚变装置的设计概念,最早由费罗·法恩斯沃斯提出,使用惯性静电约束(IEC)的原理。费罗·法恩斯沃斯在自己的实验室中进行设计,并取得专利。惯性静电约束这个名称也是由他选定。
1949年,ITT公司并购了法恩斯沃斯实验室,核聚变计划被认为无利可图,因此遭到搁置。
1962年,费罗·法恩斯沃斯提出一项专利,以线栅间的电压差,来牵引离子,使离子加速到发生核聚变。
1964年至1967年间,罗泊特·赫舍提出一个修改过后的设计,并开始实际建造。
实作
[编辑]- 专业
- 业余
- 泰勒·威尔逊,在14岁时制造出Fusor,诱发核聚变反应,制造出可被侦测到的中子流。在2008年至2014年间,号称全世界最年轻制造出核聚变的人。[9]
- Jackson Oswalt,据福克斯新闻报道,他于12岁时成功制造出一台可工作的Fusor装置,结果得到开源Fusor研究联盟(Fusor.net论坛)的认可。[10]
- 萧大为,台湾新北市理化补教老师,美国新泽西Ratgers大学化工硕士,在2009年,以9天时间,制造出一台Fusor[11]
相关条目
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ blogspot.com - Will's Amateur Science and Engineering: Fusion Reactor's First Light! (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Feb 2010 (from blog)
- ^ Biography of Philo Taylor Farnsworth. University of Utah Marriott Library Special Collections. [2007-07-05]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-21).
- ^ Robert L. Hirsch, "Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of Ionized Fusion Gases", Journal of Applied Physics, v. 38, no. 7, October 1967
- ^ P. T. Farnsworth (private communication, 1964)
- ^ "On the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement of a Plasma" William Elmore, James Tuck and Ken Watson, The Physics of Fluids, January 30, 1959
- ^ "Overview of IEC Research at Tokyo Tech." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Eiki Hotta, 15th annual US-Japan IEC workshop, October 7, 2013
- ^ R.P. Ashley, G.L. Kulcinski, J.F. Santarius, S.K. Murali, G. Piefer, 18th IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering, IEEE #99CH37050, (1999)
- ^ "Preliminary Results of Experimental Studies from Low Pressure Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device", A. S. B, Y. A, A. A, Journal of Fusion Energy, May 2013
- ^ Yup, I built a nuclear fusion reactor. TED2012. [2014-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2014-06-20).
- ^ Boy, 12, achieves nuclear fusion with a reactor he built in his playroom - Mirror Online. [2019-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-04).
- ^ 打造鋼鐵人不是夢? 理化老師自製桌上型核反應爐. NOWnews. 2009-03-02 [2014-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2014-02-19).
延伸导读
[编辑]- Reducing the Barriers to Fusion Electric Power; G. L. Kulcinski and J. F. Santarius, October 1997 Presented at "Pathways to Fusion Power", submitted to Journal of Fusion Energy, vol. 17, No. 1, 1998. (Abstract in PDF)
- Robert L. Hirsch, "Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of Ionized Fusion Gases", Journal of Applied Physics, v. 38, no. 7, October 1967
- Irving Langmuir, Katharine B. Blodgett, "Currents limited by space charge between concentric spheres" Physical Review, vol. 24, No. 1, pp49–59, 1924
- R. A. Anderl, J. K. Hartwell, J. H. Nadler, J. M. DeMora, R. A. Stubbers, and G. H. Miley, Development of an IEC Neutron Source for NDE, 16th Symposium on Fusion Engineering, eds. G. H. Miley and C. M. Elliott, IEEE Conf. Proc. 95CH35852, IEEE Piscataway, New Jersey, 1482–1485 (1996).
- "On the Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of a Plasma" William C. Elmore, James L. Tuck, Kenneth M. Watson, The Physics of Fluids v. 2, no 3, May–June, 1959
- D-3He Fusion in an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement DevicePDF (142 KB); R. P. Ashley, G. L. Kulcinski, J.F. Santarius, S. Krupakar Murali, G. Piefer; IEEE Publication 99CH37050, pg. 35-37, 18th Symposium on Fusion Engineering, Albuquerque NM, 25–29 October 1999.
- G. L. Kulcinski, Progress in Steady State Fusion of Advanced Fuels in the University of Wisconsin IEC Device, March 2001
- Fusion Reactivity Characterization of a Spherically Convergent Ion Focus, T.A. Thorson, R.D. Durst, R.J. Fonck, A.C. Sontag, Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 38, No. 4. p. 495, April 1998. (abstract)
- Convergence, Electrostatic Potential, and Density Measurements in a Spherically Convergent Ion Focus, T. A. Thorson, R. D. Durst, R. J. Fonck, and L. P. Wainwright, Phys. Plasma, 4:1, January 1997.
- R. W. Bussard and L. W. Jameson, "Inertial-Electrostatic Propulsion Spectrum: Airbreathing to Interstellar Flight", Journal of Propulsion and Power, v 11, no 2. The authors describe the proton — Boron 11 reaction and its application to ionic electrostatic confinement.
- R. W. Bussard and L. W. Jameson, "Fusion as Electric Propulsion", Journal of Propulsion and Power, v 6, no 5, September–October, 1990 (This is the same Bussard who conceived the Bussard Ramjet widely used in science-fiction for interstellar rocketry)
- Todd H. Rider, "A general critique of inertial-electrostatic confinement fusion systems"(��面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), M.S. thesis at MIT, 1994.
- Todd H. Rider, "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium"(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Ph. D. thesis at MIT, 1995.
- Todd H. Rider, "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium" Physics of Plasmas, April 1997, Volume 4, Issue 4, pp. 1039–1046.
- Could Advanced Fusion Fuels Be Used with Today's Technology?; J.F. Santarius, G.L. Kulcinski, L.A. El-Guebaly, H.Y. Khater, January 1998 [presented at Fusion Power Associates Annual Meeting, 27–29 August 1997, Aspen CO; Journal of Fusion Energy, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1998, p. 33].
- R. W. Bussard and L. W. Jameson, "From SSTO to Saturn's Moons, Superperformance Fusion Propulsion for Practical Spaceflight", 30th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 27–29 June 1994, AIAA-94-3269
- Robert W. Bussard presentation video(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) to Google Employees — Google TechTalks, 9 November 2006.
- "The Advent of Clean Nuclear Fusion: Super-performance Space Power and Propulsion", Robert W. Bussard, Ph.D., 57th International Astronautical Congress, 2–6 October 2006.
- 崔传新 成都七中万达学校. 一种实现fusor核聚变的简易方法及其装置. 科技经济导刊. 2017, (34) [2019-06-04] (中文(中国大陆)).[失效链接]
外部链接
[编辑]- Fusor网(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Nuclear Fusor自制指南(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- 威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校 IEC homepage(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
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