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Umthetho

Hlela izixhumanisi
Mayelana Wikipedia

Justice_scale_silhouette,_medium

Umthetho uyiqoqo lemiyalo eyenziwe futhi ephoqelelwa yizikhungo zomphakathi noma zikahulumeni ukuze zilawula ukuziphatha, incasiselo yomthetho eqondile iwudaba lwempikiswano endala. Umthetho wake wachaziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngokuthi uyinzululwazi[1] nangokuthi ungubuciko bezobulungisa. Imithetho ephoqelelwa nguhulumeni ingenziwa yiqembu noma umuntu oyedwa wesishayamthetho, okuyisenzo esikhiqiza amagume; ingenziwa ibandla eligunundayo kukhiqizeke izimemezelo nezilawulelo; noma isungulwe abahluleli ngesandulelo, ngokuvamile ezindaweni zomthetho wabehluleli. Abantu abangasese bangakha izivumelwano ezibophayo ngokomthetho, ezihlanganisa izivumelwano zokulamula ezisebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano kunalezo ezisetshenziswa enkantolo. Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho ngokwayo kungathonywa umthetho-sisekelo, obhaliwe noma ongabonakali, kanye namalungelo abhalwe kuwo. Umthetho ubumba ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, umlando kanye nomphakathi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi usebenza njengomlamuli wobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu.

Izimiso zomthetho ziyahluka ngokwegunyandawo, njengoba ukwahluka kwazo kuhlaziywa ngokomthetho oqhathanisayo. Ngokwegunyamandla lomthetho wobuntu, isishayamthetho noma enye indikimba emqoka iyona eyakha umthetho. Ezimisweni zomthetho wabehluleli, àbehluleli kungaba yibona abenza imithetho yokugcina besebenzisa isandulela,[2] nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokho kungachithwa inkantolo ephakeme noma isishayamthetho.[3] Ngokomlando, umthetho wenkolo waba nethonya ezindabeni zezwe, futhi kuze kube sekhulwini lama-21, usasebenza kweminye imiphakathi yamakholwa.[4][5][6] Umthetho weShariya osekwe ezimiselweni zamasulumani usetshenziswa ngesimiso somthetho esiyinhloko emazweni ambalwa, ahlanganisa elase-Irani nalase-Saudi Arabiya.[7][8]

Ukujula komthetho kungankampulwa ngezindalangala ezimbili: umthetho wasobala uphathelene nohulumeni nomphakathi wonke, kuhlanganisa umthetho-sisekelo, umthetho wokuphatha, kanye nomthetho wobugebengu; kuyilapho umthetho wangasese uphathelene nemibango yomthetho phakathi kwabemelelwe emikhakheni efana nezivumelwano , impahla , ukugeja, ukuphambeka, nomthetho wezentengiselwano.[9] Lo mehluko uyaqina emazweni anomthetho wobuntu, ikakhulu lawo anesimiso esihlukile sezinkantolo zolawulohlelo;[10][11] ngokuphambene, ukuhlukanisa umthetho ngokuthi osobala nongasese kugagulwa kancane kumagunyamandla womthetho wabehluleli.[12][13]

Umthetho uwumthombo wocwaningo lomlando womthetho,[14] injulalwazi,[15] isihlaziyo sezomnotho[16] nomthetho wokuhlalisana.[17] Umthetho uphinde uphakamise imibuzo ebalulekile neyindida ngokuphathelene nokulingana, ukulunga nobulungiswa.[18][19]

uMsukagama

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Umsukagama welithi umthetho uvela esiqwini thetha , okuvela kuso isenzo sokuthetha esinezincazelo ezifana nokuqala icala, ukuthethisa (ukuthetha), nokukhipha isigqibo (isithetho). [20]

Amaphatho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. ↑ Núñez Vaquero, Álvaro (10 June 2013). "Five Models of Legal Science". Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava (19): 53–81. doi:10.4000/revus.2449. https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  2. ↑ Mason, Anthony (1996). "The Judge as Law-maker". James Cook University Mayo Lecture. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  3. ↑ Devins, Neal (2008). "Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions". Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court. Gale MacMillan. pp. 400–403. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  4. ↑ Berman, Harold J. (1983). "Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective". Journal of Law and Religion (Cambridge University Press) 1 (1): 3–43. doi:10.2307/1051071. JSTOR 1051071. 
  5. ↑ Fox, Jonathan; Sandler, Shmuel (1 April 2005). "Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies". Comparative Politics 37 (3): 317. doi:10.2307/20072892. JSTOR 20072892. 
  6. ↑ Cox, Noel (2001). "Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia". Deakin Law Review 6 (2): 262. http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  7. ↑ Otto, Jan Michiel, ed. (2010). Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087280574.
  8. ↑ Raisch, Marylin Johnson. "Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex". Hauser Global Law School Program. New York University School of Law. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 31 December 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Horwitz, Morton J. (1 June 1982). "The History of the Public/Private Distinction". University of Pennsylvania Law Review 130 (6): 1423–1428. doi:10.2307/3311976. JSTOR 3311976. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677. Retrieved 3 January 2020. [dead link]Template:Cbignore
  10. ↑ Merryman, John Henry (1968). "The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law". Journal of Public Law 17: 3. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emlj17&div=5. Retrieved 3 January 2020. 
  11. ↑ Saiman, Chaim N. (6 July 2008). "Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science" (in en). American Journal of Comparative Law (Social Science Research Network) 56 (961): 691–702. doi:10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1155203. Retrieved 3 January 2020. 
  12. ↑ Harlow, Carol (1 May 1980). ""Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction" (in en). The Modern Law Review 43 (3): 241–265. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x. ISSN 1468-2230. 
  13. ↑ Samuel, Geoffrey (1 September 1983). "Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response" (in en). The Modern Law Review 46 (5): 558–583. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x. ISSN 1468-2230. 
  14. ↑ Gordley, James (16 November 2006). Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard. eds. "Comparative Law and Legal History" (in en). The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law: 752–774. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024. ISBN 9780199296064. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024. Retrieved 31 December 2019. 
  15. ↑ Bor, Fredric L. (1974). "The nexus between philosophy and law". Journal of Legal Education 26 (4): 539–543. ISSN 0022-2208. JSTOR 42896964. 
  16. ↑ Rubin, Paul H. "Law and Economics". The Library of Economics and Liberty. Liberty Fund, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 31 December 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Banakar, Reza (2003). Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research. Berlin/Wisconsin: Galda and Wilch Publishing. ISBN 1-931255-13-X.
  18. ↑ Pound, Roscoe (1914). "The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines". Harvard Law Review 27 (3): 195–234. doi:10.2307/1325958. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1325958. 
  19. ↑ Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas, eds. (1996). Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory. University of Michigan Press. pp. 18–19. doi:10.3998/mpub.10283. ISBN 9780472096251. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.10283.
  20. ↑ Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 792-793.
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