Wikipedia

Kangri language

The Kangri language (Takri: 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language that is spoken in northern [[India], predominantly in the Kangra, Una and Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh, as well as in some parts of Mandi and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh and Gurdaspur, Rupnagar and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab.[1] Kangri language is also spoken in Duggar (Jammu region) and in a few villages of Pakistan by people from families that migrated from Kangra Valley. Kangri is associated with the people of the Kangra Valley. Its total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.1 million, as of 2011.[1]

Kangri
कांगड़ी
Kangri written in Takri and Devanagari
Native toIndia
RegionHimachal Pradesh, Punjab
Native speakers
1.1 million (2011)[1]
Takri,
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3xnr
Glottologkang1280
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Wiktionary has a category on Kangri language.

Like most other Indo-Aryan languages, Kangri forms a dialect continuum with its neighbouring languages, including the Pahari varieties to the east; Mandeali and Kullui; north to Chambeali, Gaddi; Bhateali south-east to Kahluri. It also shares a dialect continuum north-west to Jammu Dogri and to the south and the west to Punjabi.[2] It is currently classified under the Western Pahari branch.

Kangri is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. It is one of only ten Indian languages on the dashboard. Google has also introduced a Kangri keyboard for typing.

Script

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The native script of the language was Takri script, but it is now written with the Devanagari script.

 
Specimen in Kangri language

Phonology

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Consonants

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Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ɳ)
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t ʈ tʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡ
Fricative s ɦ
Lateral l ɭ
Tap ɾ ɽ, ɽ̃
Approximant (j)
  • It is not clear whether [j] is considered as a separate phoneme, but it occurs in various phonetic environments.
  • [ɳ] is used mostly as an allophone of /ɽ̃/ or as /n/ before a retroflex stop.[3]

Vowels

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Front Central Back
Close iː uː
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Mid e ə o
Open-mid ɔ
Open æ ɑː
  • /e/ can also lower to a nasal [ɛ̃] after /ɽ̃/.

Tone

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Kangri is a tonal language like Punjabi and Dogri but has a different assignment of tones from both.[4]

Most surrounding language varieties, including Kangri, lack voiced aspirated obstruents (J. C. Sharma 2002, Masica 1993). The cognates of Hindi voiced, aspirated obstruents are voiced but have no aspiration. They differ from the cognates of voiced unaspirated obstruents by the tone that is induced by the loss of aspiration. Another notable difference of Kangri from Punjabi and Dogri is that has formed voiced consonants in Kangri but voiceless consonants in Punjabi/Dogri. That is, Kangri has lost the aspiration in gaining tone, but Punjabi/Dogri has lost both aspiration and voicing. It is likely that the shifts are separate innovations that originated in the West (Punjab or Jammu and Kashmir) and have spread outwards. The loss of aspiration, along with gaining of tone, has been fully realized in all three languages, but the loss of voicing has not reached Kangri.[4]

Grammar

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Pronouns

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Kangri pronouns by person and number are the following:

First-person singular : मैं /mæ̃/

First-Person plural : असाँ, अहाँ /əsãː, əhãː/

Second-person singular : तू /tu/

Second-person plural : तुसाँ, त्वहाँ /t̪usãː, t̪vəhãː/

Third-person singular and plural : सै /sæ/

Noun cases

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  • Kangri - Hindi - English - Case
  • घर /kʱər/ (noun)

1. घर - घर - home - Nominative

2. घरे यो/जो - घर को - to home - Accusative

3. घरैँ - घर ने - Ergative

‌4. घरेने - घर के साथ - with house - Comitative

5. घरेते - घर से - through home - Instrumental

6. घरेताँइ - घर के लिए - for home - Dative

7. घरेते - घर से - from home - Ablative

8. घरे दा, दे, दि, दियाँ - घर का/की/के - of home - Genetive


9. घरेच् - घर में - Innesive

10. घरे पर - घर पर - Addesive


11. घर॑ - ओ घर - Vocative

12. घर देआ, दए, दइ, दीयाँ - घर सा/सी/से - Semblative

13. घरे साइ - घर जैसा - Similative

14. घरे तिक्कर् - घर तक - Terminative

  • Postpositional/oblique forms -

Noun - Singular - Plural

घर - घरे, घरेयाँ

घड़ा - घड़े, घड़ेयाँ

नदी - नदिया, नदियाँ

घ्यो - घ्यो, घ्योआँ

Status

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Interview of Sahil in Kangri language at Dharamshala, India

The language is commonly considered to a dialect of Pahari or Himachali (Western Pahari). Some Dogri and Punjabi linguists have referred Kangri as part of their language because of similarities and decent mutual intelligibility.[5][6][need quotation to verify] Thay is generally observed only in bordering variesties because a dialect continuum exists among many Indo-Aryan languages. Kangri writers and poets have been making submissions to Pahari:s cause under Himachal Pradesh Academy of Arts, Culture and Languages (HPAACL).[7] Kangri has no official status. According to UNESCO, the language is definitely in the endangered category, and many Kangri children no longer learn Kangri as their mother tongue.

The demand for the inclusion of Western Pahari under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[8] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language.[9] Political interests cause the language to be currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi despite the poor mutual intelligibility.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Kangri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ "Kangri - The Language Of Himachal Pradesh". www.indiamapped.com. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  3. ^ Eaton, Robert D. (2008)
  4. ^ a b Eaton, Robert D. (8 August 2008). "Kangri in Context: An Areal Perspective". hdl:10106/945.
  5. ^ Guptā, Vīṇā (1986). Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa (in Hindi). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza.
  6. ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1992). Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ (in Hindi). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
  7. ^ Katha Sarvari II (in Hindi). 1977.
  8. ^ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
  9. ^ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.

Sources

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