1976 in spaceflight
Appearance
![]() | This timeline of spaceflight may require cleanup to ensure consistency with other timeline of spaceflight articles. See Wikipedia:WikiProject Spaceflight/Timeline of spaceflight working group for guidelines on how to improve the article. Details Concerns have been raised that:
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Orbital launches | |
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First | 6 January |
Last | 28 December |
Total | 131 |
Catalogued | 128 |
National firsts | |
Satellite | ![]() |
Rockets | |
Maiden flights | Thor DSV-2U |
Retirements | Voskhod Scout B-1 Soyuz Soyuz-M Thor-Burner Luna sample return ascent stage |
Crewed flights | |
Orbital | 3 |
Total travellers | 6 |
The following is an outline of 1976 in spaceflight.
Launches
[edit]Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
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Payload | Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
Remarks | |||||||
January[edit] | |||||||
6 January 04:52 |
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Plesetsk Site 132/1 | |||||
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Low Earth | SIGINT | 12 December 1980 | Successful | |||
7 January 15:34 |
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Plesetsk Site 43/3 | |||||
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GRU USSR | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 20 January | Successful | ||
15 January 05:34:00 |
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NASA / DFVLR | Heliocentric | Solar probe | In orbit | Successful | ||
Achieved a closest approach to the Sun of 43.432 million km (0.29 AU) on 17 April 1976, the closest approach achieved by an artificial satellite; it was succeeded by the Parker Solar Probe in 2018. | |||||||
17 January 23:27 |
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D-119 | ![]() |
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NASA / CSA | Geosynchronous | Experimental communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
20 January 17:07 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | |||
22 January 11:38 |
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Molniya orbit | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
22 January 22:26 |
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Plesetsk Site 132/1 | |||||
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Low Earth | SIGINT | 12 November 1980 | Successful | |||
28 January 10:39 |
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Plesetsk Site 132/1 | |||||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
29 January 08:30 |
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Baikonur Site 31/6 | |||||
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 10 February | Successful | ||
29 January 23:56 |
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AC-37 | ![]() |
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Intelsat | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
February[edit] | |||||||
3 February 08:16 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | |||
4 February 06:00 |
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Kagoshima Space Center LP-M | ISAS | ||||
Corsa A | ISAS | Low Earth | X-ray astronomy | 4 February | Failure | ||
5 February 14:30 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 5 January 1978 | Successful | |||
11 February 08:50 |
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GRU | Low Eath | Reconnaissance | 25 February | Succsessful | ||
12 February 13:00 |
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Low Earth | ASAT target | In orbit | Successful | |||
Target for Kosmos 804 and 814 | |||||||
16 February 08:29 |
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Low Earth | ASAT test | 16 February | Successful | |||
19 February 07:52 |
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USAF | Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) | Weather | 19 February | Failure | ||
Thor stage not loaded with enough fuel due to typo in engine data sheet. The satellite was placed in much lower orbit and re-entered after one orbit | |||||||
19 February 22:32 |
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D-120 | ![]() |
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Marisat | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
20 February 14:01 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 11 March | Successful | ||
29 February 03:30:00 |
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ISAS | Low Earth | Ionospheric research | In orbit | Successful | ||
First launch completed on February 29 | |||||||
March[edit] | |||||||
10 March 08:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 23 March | Successful | ||
11 March 19:45 |
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Molniya | Communications | 10 October 1990 | Successful | |||
12 March 13:30 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | In orbit | Successful | |||
15 March 01:25:40[2] |
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MIT Lincoln Laboratory | Geostationary | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
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MIT Lincoln Laboratory | Geostationary | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
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NRL | High Earth orbit | Heliophysics | In orbit | Successful | ||
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NRL | High Earth orbit | Heliophysics | In orbit | Successful | ||
LES-8 was decommissioned in 2004; LES-9, the last Lincoln Experimental Satellite, continued functioning for 44 years and was finally decommissioned in 2020.[1] | |||||||
16 March 17:22 |
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Low Earth | SIGINT | 20 November 1993 | Successful | |||
18 March 09:15 |
Kosmos 809 | Baikonur Site 31/6 | |||||
Kosmos 809 (Zenit-2M/Gektor 65) | GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 30 March | Successful | ||
19 March 19:31 |
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Molniya | Communications | 14 May 1985 | Successful | |||
22 March 18:14 |
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NRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 18 May | Successful | ||
26 March 15:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 8 April | Successful | ||
26 March 22:47 |
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D-121 | ![]() |
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RCA Americom | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
31 March 12:50 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 12 April | Successful | ||
April[edit] | |||||||
6 April 04:14 |
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Low Earth | SIGINT | 30 October 1980 | Successful | |||
7 April 13:05 |
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Low Earth | Weather | In orbit | Successful | |||
9 April 08:30 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 21 April | Successful | ||
13 April 17:15 |
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Low Earth | ASAT test | 13 March | Successful | |||
22 April 20:46 |
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D-122 | ![]() |
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NATO | Geostationary | Military communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
28 April 09:30 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 11 May | Successful | ||
28 April 13:30 |
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Plesetsk Site 132/1 | |||||
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 24 November 1979 | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 1977 | ||||
30 April 19:12 |
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US Navy | Low Earth | Satellite deployment | In orbit | Successful | ||
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US Navy | Low Earth | Ocean surveillance, ELINT | In orbit | Successful | ||
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US Navy | Low Earth | Ocean surveillance, ELINT | In orbit | Successful | ||
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US Navy | Low Earth | Ocean surveillance, ELINT | In orbit | Successful | ||
May[edit] | |||||||
4 May 08:00 |
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D-123 | ![]() |
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NASA | Medium Earth orbit | Geodesy | In orbit | Successful | ||
5 May 07:50 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 18 May | Successful | ||
12 May 17:57 |
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Molniya | Communications | 4 February 1990 | Successful | |||
13 May 22:28 |
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AC-38 | ![]() |
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COMSAT | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
15 May 13:30 |
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Low Earth | Weather, Earth observation | In orbit | Successful | |||
18 May 10:59 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 7 March 1977 | Successful | |||
20 May 09:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 1 June | Successful | ||
21 May 07:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 2 June | Successful | ||
22 May 07:42 |
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STP | Low Earth | Ionosphere research | In orbit | Successful | ||
26 May 09:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 8 June | Successful | ||
28 May 15:00 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 8 August 1978 | Successful | |||
June[edit] | |||||||
2 June 20:56 |
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NRO | Highly elliptical | Data relay | In orbit | Successful | ||
2 June 22:30 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | |||
8 June 07:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 21 June | Successful | ||
10 June 00:09 |
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D-124 | ![]() |
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Marisat | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
16 June 13:09 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 29 June | Successful | ||
19 June 16:00 |
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Interkosmos | Low Earth | Test spacecraft | 18 November 1979 | Successful | ||
Cooperative project of Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Hungary, Poland and the USSR | |||||||
22 June 18:04:00 |
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Low Earth | Space station | 8 August 1977 | Successful | |||
Visited by three crews, one of which failed to dock | |||||||
24 June 07:10 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 6 July | Successful | ||
26 June 03:00 |
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USAF | Geostationary | Missile early warning | In orbit | Successful | ||
29 June 07:20 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 12 July | Successful | ||
Final flight of the Voskhod | |||||||
29 June 08:12 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
July[edit] | |||||||
1 July 08:05 |
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Molniya (planned) Low Earth (achieved) |
Communications | 18 November 1983 | Partial failure | |||
Malfunction of Blok ML upper stage, the satellite placed in the much lower orbit | |||||||
2 July 10:30 |
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Low Earth | Ocean surveillance, ELINT | 23 August 1977 | Successful | |||
6 July 12:08:45 |
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Low Earth (Salyut 5) | Salyut expedition | 24 August 18:32:17 |
Partial mission failure | |||
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, final flight of Soyuz 11A511, returned early due to crew illness | |||||||
8 July 18:30 |
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NRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 13 December | Successful | ||
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Low Earth | ELINT, SIGINT | In orbit | Successful | |||
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STP | Highly elliptical | Magnetosphere research | 24 April 1986 | Successful | ||
Ursala was deployed from KH-9 | |||||||
8 July 21:08 |
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Low Earth | ASAT target | In orbit | Successful | |||
Target for Kosmos 843 | |||||||
8 July 23:31 |
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D-125 | ![]() |
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Perumtel | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
First Indonesian satellite | |||||||
14 July 09:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 26 July | Successful | ||
15 July 13:11 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
21 July 10:20 |
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Low Earth | Geodesy | In orbit | Successful | |||
21 July 15:14 |
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Low Earth | ASAT test | 22 July | Successful | |||
22 July 15:40 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 30 August | Successful | ||
22 July 22:04 |
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AC-40 | ![]() |
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COMSAT | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
23 July 15:49 |
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Molniya | Communications | 30 May 1987 | Successful | |||
27 July 05:21 |
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Low Earth | SIGINT | 15 November 1980 | Successful | |||
27 July 12:00 |
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Interkosmos | Low Earth | Aeronomy, solar research | 10 July 1979 | Successful | ||
Cooperative project of Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Sweden and the USSR | |||||||
29 July 17:07 |
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D-126 | ![]() |
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NOAA | SSO | Weather | In orbit | Successful | ||
29 July 20:02 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | |||
August[edit] | |||||||
4 August 13:40 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 17 August | Successful | ||
6 August 22:21 |
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NRO | Highly elliptic | Data relay | 18 April 2020 | Successful | ||
9 August 12:08:45 |
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Selenocentric | Lunar lander | 22 August | Successful | |||
Third uncrewed lunar sample return, Third Soviet lunar sample return | |||||||
12 August 13:30 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 25 August | Successful | ||
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Low Earth | Research | |||||
18 August 09:30 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 24 April 1978 | Successful | |||
26 August 10:59 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 16 May 1977 | Successful | |||
27 August 14:34 |
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Low Earth | SIGINT | 5 August 1989 | Successful | |||
28 August 09:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 10 September | Successful | ||
30 August 11:45 |
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Low Earth | Unknown | 25 November 1978 | Successful | |||
September[edit] | |||||||
1 September 03:23 |
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Molniya (intended) Low Earth (achieved) |
Communications | 31 December | Partial failure | |||
Malfunction of the Blok ML upper stage, the satellite placed to the much lower orbit | |||||||
1 September 21:14 |
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US Navy | Low Earth | Navigation | 30 May 1981 | Successful | ||
3 September 09:20 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 16 September | Successful | ||
11 September 08:00 |
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USAF | SSO | Weather | In orbit | Successful | ||
11 September 18:24 |
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Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
15 September 09:48:30 |
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Low Earth | Salyut expedition | 23 September 07:40:47 |
Successful | |||
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts | |||||||
15 September 18:50 |
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NRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 5 November | Successful | ||
21 September 11:40 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 3 October | Successful | ||
22 September 09:30 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 5 October | Successful | ||
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Low Earth | Research | |||||
24 September 15:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 7 November | Successful | ||
29 September 07:04 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
October[edit] | |||||||
4 October 11:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 4 October | Failure | ||
One of liquid rocket boosters prematurely detached from the core stage, the launch vehicle lost stability. Thrust termination command was issued at T+94 s | |||||||
10 October 09:35 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 21 October | Successful | ||
14 October 17:39:18 |
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Low Earth (Intended: Salyut 5) | Salyut expedition | 16 October 17:45:53 |
Spacecraft failure | |||
Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, failed to dock with Salyut 5 | |||||||
14 October 22:44 |
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Marisat | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
15 October 22:59 |
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Low Earth | Weather | In orbit | Successful | |||
17 October 18:06 |
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Low Earth | Radar ocean surveillance | In orbit | Successful | |||
21 October 16:53 |
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Low Earth | Radar ocean surveillance | In orbit | Successful | |||
22 October 09:11 |
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Molniya | Missile early warning | In orbit | Successful | |||
25 October 14:30 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 5 November | Successful | ||
26 October 14:50 |
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Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
29 October 12:39 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | |||
November[edit] | |||||||
1 November 11:20 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 13 November | Successful | ||
10 November 09:05 |
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Low Earth | Unknown | In orbit | Failure | |||
11 November 10:45 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 23 November | Successful | ||
23 November 16:27 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 6 December | Successful | ||
25 November 03:59 |
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Highly elliptical | Magnetoshpere and solar research | 12 July 1979 | Successful | |||
26 November 14:30 |
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Low Earth | Ocean surveillance, ELINT | 8 July 1978 | Successful | |||
29 November 16:04 |
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Low Earth | Uncrewed test of Soyuz-T spacecraft | 17 December 10:31 |
Successful | |||
December[edit] | |||||||
2 December 00:17 |
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Low Earth | SIGINT | 20 December 1980 | Successful | |||
2 December 02:44 |
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Molniya | Communications | 18 January 1991 | Successful | |||
7 December 04:38 |
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Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 2 December | Successful | |||
Re-entry capsule recovered on 9 December | |||||||
7 December 10:23 |
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | |||
9 December 10:00 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 22 December | Successful | ||
9 December 20:00 |
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Low Earth | ASAT target | 31 August 1991 | Successful | |||
Target for Kosmos 886 | |||||||
15 December 01:30 |
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Low Earth | Uncrewed test of TKS-VA spacecraft | 15 December | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Uncrewed test of TKS-VA spacecraft | 15 December | Successful | |||
Test flight of two VA capsules without FGB service modules | |||||||
15 December 13:59 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | |||
17 December 09:30 |
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GRU | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 29 December | Successful | ||
17 December 12:00 |
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 14 October 1979 | Successful | |||
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Low Earth | Radar calibration | 1977-1978 | ||||
19 December 18:19 |
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NRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 28 January 1979 | Successful | ||
27 December 12:05 |
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Low Earth | ASAT test | In orbit | Successful | |||
28 December 06:38 |
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Molniya | Communications | 19 March 1990 | Successful | |||
28 December 07:49 |
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Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful |
Launches from the Moon
[edit]Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
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Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
Remarks | |||||||
19 August 5:25 |
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Mare Crisium (Luna) | |||||
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Highly elliptical | Sample return | 22 August 1976 | Successful | ||
Third uncrewed lunar sample return mission |
Deep space rendezvous
[edit]Date | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
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19 June | Viking 1 | Areocentric orbit insertion | |
20 July | Viking 1 Lander | landed in Chryse Planitia | |
7 August | Viking 2 | Areocentric orbit insertion | |
18 August | Luna 24 | landed in Mare Crisium | sample return mission |
19 August | Luna 24 | lift-off from Mare Crisium | 170 grams (6.0 oz) |
3 September | Viking 2 Lander | landed in Utopia Planitia |
References
[edit]- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link]
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link]
- "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link]
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Ryan, Dorothy (27 May 2020). "Lincoln Laboratory decommissions Lincoln Experimental Satellite–9". MIT. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2020.