Frieda Belinfante
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Frieda_Belinfante_and_Henri%C3%ABtte_Hilda_Bosmans.jpg/300px-Frieda_Belinfante_and_Henri%C3%ABtte_Hilda_Bosmans.jpg)
Frieda Belinfante (May 10, 1904 – March 5, 1995) was a Dutch cellist, philharmonic conductor, a prominent lesbian, and a member of the Dutch resistance during World War II. After the war, Belinfante emigrated to the United States and continued her career in music. She was the founding artistic director and conductor of the Orange County Philharmonic.
Genealogy
[edit]The daughter of Aron Belinfante and Georgine Antoinette Hesse, Frieda descended from a line of Sephardic Jews who arrived in the Netherlands in the 17th century and whose ancestry can be traced back to 16th-century Portugal.[1] Other well-known descendants include the writers Emmy Belinfante, Isaac Cohen Belinfante, and Moses Cohen Belinfante, and the journalist Emilie Belinfante (the younger). Many of the Belinfante descendants perished during the Holocaust.[2]
Early career
[edit]Belinfante was born into a musical family. Her father, Aron, was a prominent pianist and teacher in Amsterdam who was the first pianist to present the entire cycle of Beethoven piano sonatas during a single season in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw. Belinfante began her study of the cello at age 10. She graduated from the Amsterdam Conservatory and made her professional debut in the Kleine Zaal recital hall of the Concertgebouw at age 17, assisted at the piano by her father. Her father died a few months after. Following her debut, Belinfante studied intermittently with cellist Gérard Hekking in Paris, with whom she developed a close friendship.[3]: 40
After directing high school, college and professional chamber ensembles for several years, Belinfante was invited by the management of the Concertgebouw to form Het Klein Orkest in 1937, a chamber orchestra for which she was to be artistic director and conductor.[4] Belinfante held this position until 1941, and it made her the first woman in Europe to be artistic director and conductor of an ongoing professional orchestral ensemble. Concurrently, Belinfante made weekly appearances as guest conductor on the Dutch National Radio, and appeared as guest conductor with orchestras in the Netherlands and in Northern Europe. In the summer of 1939, Belinfante attended the master class of Dr. Hermann Scherchen in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, to perfect her conducting skills. In recognition of her abilities, Scherchen awarded her first prize over 12 professional male conductors also enrolled in that class; the prize also included a debut engagement with the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande in Montreux.[5]
The Nazi occupation interrupted Belinfante's musical career, which she did not resume until after the Second World War.
Wartime activities
[edit]Belinfante became a good friend of the artist Willem Arondeus, an openly gay man who was a leader of the Raad van Verzet (Resistance Council) in the Dutch resistance. She actively contributed to the resistance movement, mainly by forging personal documents for Jews and others wanted by the Gestapo. Together with Arondeus, she was part of the CKC resistance group that organised and executed the bombing of the population registry in Amsterdam on March 27, 1943, which destroyed thousands of files and hindered Nazi attempts to compare forged documents with documents in the registry.[6]
The CKC group came under scrutiny by the Gestapo after the bombing, forcing Belifante and other members into hiding. While in hiding, Belinfante learned of the arrests and executions of the other CKC members, including Arondeus.[7]: 00:28:40-00:29:00 Belinfante disguised herself as a man and lived with friends for 3 months[7]: 00:29:39-00 before being traced by the Nazis. The resistance helped her avoid capture and cross the border to Belgium and France, where the French Underground helped her make her way to Switzerland. When she and her travel partner arrived at the border in the winter of 1944, they were forced to cross the Alps on foot to reach safety. Her former teacher Hermann Scherchen saved her from being sent back over the border by verifying that she was a Dutch citizen and his former pupil. On arriving in Montreux, she was given refugee status and worked for a short time as a farm laborer. Belinfante was repatriated to the Netherlands as soon as the war ended.
In 2023 the English actor and broadcaster Stephen Fry made a documentary about Belinfante and Arondeus's wartime resistance activity, notably the "all-night forgery parties fuelled by booze and amphetamines [that] saved thousands of Jews".[8]
Orange County Philharmonic
[edit]Belinfante emigrated to the United States in 1947, eventually settling in Laguna Beach, California and joining the music faculty of UCLA in 1949.[9] Desiring to continue her conducting activities, she formed an ad hoc group she named The Vine Street Players in 1953, an orchestral ensemble of colleagues from the local area universities as well as studio musicians from Hollywood.[4]
The formation of the Vine Street Players proved fortuitous for Belinfante. A successful performance in the Redlands Bowl by the ensemble under Belinfante's direction prompted local civic and cultural leaders to invite Belinfante to form a permanent orchestral ensemble in Orange County. She subsequently became the founding artistic director and conductor of the inaugural Orange County Philharmonic Society, which incorporated as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization in 1954 and became the first such ensemble in Orange County. Belinfante continued to employ the musicians from The Vine Street Players in the new Philharmonic Society orchestra.[10]
Concerts by the Orange County Philharmonic Orchestra were free to the public, funded entirely by donations from sponsors and memberships. The orchestral musicians agreed to donate their time for rehearsals free of charge with the permission of their union local stewards, while receiving a fee for the performances as Belinfante herself did. Belinfante insisted on this arrangement with sponsors, and that all concerts remain free of charge for all future attendees. The founding board of directors adopted Belinfante's suggestions as their business plan with the stated mission of maintaining a resident professional orchestra in the county.[11]
Under Belinfante's direction, the orchestra grew into a "B"-class[clarification needed] musical institution taking into account its budget, programming and geographical penetration in the ensuing years. Its activities usually included a 4- to 6-program season in all major concert venues throughout the region, as well as youth concerts, cultural development programs and chamber music recitals in the community with principals of the orchestra and Belinfante assisting in several capacities. Soloists who were engaged to appear with the orchestra during the inaugural period included Lili Kraus, Leonard Pennario, Marni Nixon, Dorothy Warenskjold, and Mischa Elman. Belinfante appeared as soloist with the orchestra in the 1958-59 season, performing the Haydn Cello Concerto in C-major, Hob. VIIb/1. Throughout this period, she also appeared in numerous recitals locally and as guest conductor in engagements with European orchestras.[12]
Belinfante's involvement with the Orange County Philharmonic came to an abrupt end in 1962 when her contract was not renewed. Financial pressures had been mounting because the musicians' union wanted the players to be paid for rehearsals. Additionally, board members and supporters from the community felt a male conductor would raise the stature of the orchestra and increase revenue.[5] In a 1994 interview, Belinfante said she believed that gossip about her sexual orientation was used to quell the objections to her removal.[3]: 66 Belinfante left her position as artistic director and conductor, but she continued to direct the Symphonies for Youth program for two subsequent seasons. The orchestra was disbanded and board president Clifford Hakes announced in local newspapers that "The Orange County Philharmonic Society will continue to operate entirely independent of any artists and orchestras we may represent..."[13] The organization became an impresario presenter starting with the 1962-63 season.
Critical reception
[edit]Belinfante's recorded output was sparse and poorly maintained. None of the pre-war recorded radio performances survive, and only the very last recording of her American career is preserved in the archives.[14] However, more than three decades of critical reviews exist internationally that document Belinfante's superlative musical gifts.[15] Her conducting technique was noted for her command of period style, cohesive ensemble, clear and decisive baton technique, transparent ensemble textures, buoyant and propulsive rhythms, and conducting all performances without a score. As a soloist on the cello and viola da gamba, she was noted for her particular insight into the music of Johannes Brahms and Johann Sebastian Bach, especially the Suites for Unaccompanied Cello BWV 1007–1012. Belinfante's solo, concerto and chamber performances were characterized by a singular beauty of tone, faultless intonation and legato, complete technique, profound involvement with the music, and an expressive interpretation free of mannerism. Her repertoire spanned all periods and media including works from the Baroque to contemporary living composers of the period, especially those working in the Netherlands and France and in particular her close association with Dutch composer Henriëtte Bosmans.[3]
Later years
[edit]Belinfante continued her musical activities on a limited scale after her dismissal from the Orange County Philharmonic. Belinfante established a private studio in Laguna Beach that trained numerous musicians. She also joined the board of directors of the Laguna Beach Chamber Music Society, acting as booking agent and artistic advisor to that group for more than 20 years.[16]
Belinfante summed up her career in a Los Angeles Times interview: "It was just too early for me. I should be born again. I could have done more, that's what saddens me. But I'm not an unhappy person. I look for the next thing to do. There's always something still to do."[5]
In later years she earned recognition for her accomplishments. In 1987, the Orange County Board of Supervisors and the City of Laguna Beach both declared February 19 'Frieda Belinfante Day", honoring her contributions to musical culture in the region.[5] Belinfante's life became the subject of the documentary "But I Was a Girl" (1998).[7] Her story was also featured in an exhibition, funded by the Dutch government, about the persecution of gays and lesbians during the Second World War.[17] In 1994, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum officially recognized Belinfante's contribution to the Dutch Resistance in World War II.[18]
Belinfante died in 1995 from cancer, aged 90, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. [16]
References
[edit]- ^ Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; (eds.) et al. (1901–1906) The Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, New York, p. 660.
- ^ Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands, accessed January 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c Muller, Klaus, "Interview with Frieda Belinfante", unedited transcript of the video recording, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 31 May 1994.
- ^ a b "Women of Orange County: Philharmonic Society Proposes Symphony Orchestra in County", Los Angeles Times, 16 May 1954 p. 16.
- ^ a b c d Pasles, Chris, "Frieda Belinfante Honored : Cultural Pioneer Still a Voice for Excellence", Los Angeles Times, 19 Feb 1987, p. OC-E1.
- ^ "Het begint met nee zeggen: biografieën rond verzet en homoseksualiteit 1940–1945" (2006), edited by Klaus Müller, Judith Schuyf.
- ^ a b c Frame Media; NPS; Bernard Neuhaus, producer; Toni Baumans, director (c. 1998) [Museum record of 7 June 2019]. "But I was a girl: the story of Frieda Belinfante". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First Run/Icarus Films. VHS-0026.
- ^ Jones, Ellen E. (2023-03-02). "Stephen Fry: Willem and Frieda – Defying the Nazis review – oh, what an astounding story this is!". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
- ^ "Contest Finds Talent Scarce", Los Angeles Times, 21 Aug 1949 p. D6.
- ^ "Pianist Yalta Menuhin to Appear With County Philharmonic Tonight", Los Angeles Times, 29 Apr 1956 p. K6.
- ^ "Pianist Yalta Menuhin..., LA Times, 29 Apr 1956 p. K6.
- ^ "Season Plans Announced by Philharmonic", Los Angeles Times, 16 Oct 1960 p.OC5.
- ^ "LA Philharmonic to Replace County Group", Los Angeles Times, 4 Mar 1962 p.OC1.
- ^ Angelus Records LP #WR4976. The album consists of the Haydn D Major Cello Concerto with Belinfante and the OCPO conducted by Felix Slatkin, the Brahms Akademische Festouverture with the OCPO conducted by Belinfante, and a movement of the Brahms Sonata in e minor Op. 38 for cello and piano with Belinfante and pianist Lucille Boger. Although the recording is not dated, it was most likely made in 1959.
- ^ These are too numerous to list concisely in a note, as Belinfante received as many as 30 reviews in various capacities during a single season. See major Dutch newspaper archives for the period 1929–1948 e.g. De Telegraaf, Het Parool and others, and the Los Angeles Times, Orange County Register, Los Angeles Herald Tribune and others for the period 1949–1962.
- ^ a b Pasles, Chris (March 7, 1995). "Obituary: O.C. Musical Pioneer Frieda Belinfante Dies at 90". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Guz, Savannah, "Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals gets its documents in order", Pittsburgh City Paper, 31 Jan 2008.
- ^ "Holdings Information". catalog.ushmm.org. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
External links
[edit] Media related to Frieda Belinfante at Wikimedia Commons
- A detailed description of her Dutch resistance group and her participation in it
- Archival photographs of Frieda Belinfante in the collection of the United States Holocaust Museum
- Access a PDF transcript of her official oral history video interview conducted by the United States Holocaust Museum
- But I Was a Girl : The Story of Frieda Belinfante[permanent dead link], Documentary, Let's Come Out: Gay & Lesbian, Season 1 Episode 3, SND Films, 1998
- Stephen Fry: Willem & Frieda - Defying Nazis (documentary film)
- 1904 births
- 1995 deaths
- Dutch cellists
- Women cellists
- Dutch women conductors (music)
- Dutch emigrants to the United States
- Dutch people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
- Dutch Sephardi Jews
- Dutch resistance members
- Female resistance members of World War II
- Jewish classical musicians
- Musicians from Amsterdam
- American lesbian musicians
- Lesbian Jews
- LGBT conductors (music)
- Dutch lesbian musicians
- Deaths from cancer in New Mexico
- 20th-century American conductors (music)
- Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust
- 20th-century women musicians
- LGBT history in the Netherlands
- 20th-century Dutch LGBT people
- Jewish women musicians
- Jewish women activists