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Hinge loss

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The vertical axis represents the value of the Hinge loss (in blue) and zero-one loss (in green) for fixed t = 1, while the horizontal axis represents the value of the prediction y. The plot shows that the Hinge loss penalizes predictions y < 1, corresponding to the notion of a margin in a support vector machine.

In machine learning, the hinge loss is a loss function used for training classifiers. The hinge loss is used for "maximum-margin" classification, most notably for support vector machines (SVMs).[1]

For an intended output t = ±1 and a classifier score y, the hinge loss of the prediction y is defined as

Note that should be the "raw" output of the classifier's decision function, not the predicted class label. For instance, in linear SVMs, , where are the parameters of the hyperplane and is the input variable(s).

When t and y have the same sign (meaning y predicts the right class) and , the hinge loss . When they have opposite signs, increases linearly with y, and similarly if , even if it has the same sign (correct prediction, but not by enough margin).

Extensions

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While binary SVMs are commonly extended to multiclass classification in a one-vs.-all or one-vs.-one fashion,[2] it is also possible to extend the hinge loss itself for such an end. Several different variations of multiclass hinge loss have been proposed.[3] For example, Crammer and Singer[4] defined it for a linear classifier as[5]

,

where is the target label, and are the model parameters.

Weston and Watkins provided a similar definition, but with a sum rather than a max:[6][3]

.

In structured prediction, the hinge loss can be further extended to structured output spaces. Structured SVMs with margin rescaling use the following variant, where w denotes the SVM's parameters, y the SVM's predictions, φ the joint feature function, and Δ the Hamming loss:

.

Optimization

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The hinge loss is a convex function, so many of the usual convex optimizers used in machine learning can work with it. It is not differentiable, but has a subgradient with respect to model parameters w of a linear SVM with score function that is given by

Plot of three variants of the hinge loss as a function of z = ty: the "ordinary" variant (blue), its square (green), and the piece-wise smooth version by Rennie and Srebro (red). The y-axis is the l(y) hinge loss, and the x-axis is the parameter t

However, since the derivative of the hinge loss at is undefined, smoothed versions may be preferred for optimization, such as Rennie and Srebro's[7]

or the quadratically smoothed

suggested by Zhang.[8] The modified Huber loss is a special case of this loss function with , specifically .

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rosasco, L.; De Vito, E. D.; Caponnetto, A.; Piana, M.; Verri, A. (2004). "Are Loss Functions All the Same?" (PDF). Neural Computation. 16 (5): 1063–1076. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.109.6786. doi:10.1162/089976604773135104. PMID 15070510.
  2. ^ Duan, K. B.; Keerthi, S. S. (2005). "Which Is the Best Multiclass SVM Method? An Empirical Study" (PDF). Multiple Classifier Systems. LNCS. Vol. 3541. pp. 278–285. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.110.6789. doi:10.1007/11494683_28. ISBN 978-3-540-26306-7.
  3. ^ a b Doğan, Ürün; Glasmachers, Tobias; Igel, Christian (2016). "A Unified View on Multi-class Support Vector Classification" (PDF). Journal of Machine Learning Research. 17: 1–32.
  4. ^ Crammer, Koby; Singer, Yoram (2001). "On the algorithmic implementation of multiclass kernel-based vector machines" (PDF). Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2: 265–292.
  5. ^ Moore, Robert C.; DeNero, John (2011). "L1 and L2 regularization for multiclass hinge loss models" (PDF). Proc. Symp. on Machine Learning in Speech and Language Processing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  6. ^ Weston, Jason; Watkins, Chris (1999). "Support Vector Machines for Multi-Class Pattern Recognition" (PDF). European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-05. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  7. ^ Rennie, Jason D. M.; Srebro, Nathan (2005). Loss Functions for Preference Levels: Regression with Discrete Ordered Labels (PDF). Proc. IJCAI Multidisciplinary Workshop on Advances in Preference Handling.
  8. ^ Zhang, Tong (2004). Solving large scale linear prediction problems using stochastic gradient descent algorithms (PDF). ICML.