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June 1924

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June 3, 1924: Renowned novelist Franz Kafka dies in obscurity in Austria
June 2, 1924: U.S. President Coolidge poses with Osage Indian representatives at signing of law granting U.S. citizenship to all American Indians
June 10, 1924: Fascists kidnap and murder Italian legislator Giacomo Matteotti after his harsh criticism of Prime Minister Mussolini
June 8, 1924: British climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine vanish during Mount Everest climb

The following events occurred in June 1924:

June 1, 1924 (Sunday)

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Seipel
  • Austrian Chancellor Ignaz Seipel was shot by a disgruntled worker. A bullet was extracted from his lung and he survived.[1][2]
  • The June Revolution began in Albania as an army of 6,000 nationalists marched on Tirana.[3]
  • Raymond Poincaré resigned as Prime Minister of France along with his entire cabinet.[4]
  • The Bengal Provincial Congress Committee passed a resolution acknowledging the sacrifice of Gopinath Saha. It stated that 'this conference, while denouncing and dissociating itself from violence and adhering to the principle of non-violence, appreciates Gopinath Saha's idea of self-sacrifice, misguided though it is, in respect of the country's best interest and expresses respect for such self-sacrifice.' Mahatma Gandhi opposed the resolution.[5]
  • What would become one of the most widely-heard radio stations in the U.S. as well as a widely-seen television station was created as the Chicago Tribune newspaper purchased Chicago's WDAP radio station and renamed it WGN, an abbreviation of the Tribune slogan, "World's Greatest Newspaper".[6]
  • Born: William Sloane Coffin, Christian clergyman; in New York City (d. 2006)

June 2, 1924 (Monday)

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  • In the United States, the Indian Citizenship Act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge, recognizing U.S. citizenship for all indigenous Native Americans (referred to at the time as "American Indians") who had been born within the United States and its territories, regardless of whether they had been granted citizenship by other means, such as service in the U.S. military or formal renunciation of tribal affiliation. At the time, there were 300,000 Native Americans in the U.S., of whom 175,000 had already been granted U.S. citizenship, out of a population measured in 1920 as 106,021,537 people.[7]
  • The Soviet Communist Party Central Committee selected the seven members of the Politburo, the de facto rulers of the Soviet Union. To replace the vacancy left by the death of Vladimir Lenin, candidate member Nikolai Bukharin was elevated to full status, while full members Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Alexei Rykov, Lev Kamenev, Mikhail Tomsky and Grigory Zinoviev were re-elected.
  • U.S. President Coolidge signed the Revenue Act of 1924 into law, despite his many criticisms of the bill.[8][9]
  • The Frank Lloyd-directed film The Sea Hawk premiered at the Astor Theatre in New York City.[10]
  • In Germany, miners in the Ruhr ended their strike after accepting a 6 percent wage increase.[11]
  • Born:
    • Eric Voice, British Scottish nuclear scientist known for his decision to voluntarily ingest plutonium to demonstrate his belief that exposure was not lethal; in London (died of neurological disease, 2004)
    • June Callwood, Canadian journalist, writer and activist; in Chatham, Ontario (d. 2007)

June 3, 1924 (Tuesday)

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June 4, 1924 (Wednesday)

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June 5, 1924 (Thursday)

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June 6, 1924 (Friday)

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June 7, 1924 (Saturday)

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June 8, 1924 (Sunday)

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François-Marsal, Prime Minister for a week

June 9, 1924 (Monday)

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June 10, 1924 (Tuesday)

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  • Giacomo Matteotti, a socialist member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and one of Benito Mussolini's most outspoken critics, was kidnapped in broad daylight. On May 30, he had spoken out against Prime Minister Mussolini and the Fascist movement in general. His fate would be a mystery until his body was found in August, with signs that he had been beaten to death.[41] Six men were arrested for the crime, including Amerigo Dumini, who would confess a week later. Mussolini said he would order summary justice if any of the kidnappers were identified.[42]
  • The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922, making Iraq a self-governing British protectorate, was ratified by the Iraqi Constituent Assembly by a vote of 36 to 25, with the United Kingdom having control of Iraq's foreign affairs and Iraq handling its own domestic affairs.[43]
  • The June Revolution was completed in Albania when anti-government forces took the Albanian capital, Tirana.[44][45]
  • The Republican National Convention opened in Cleveland, Ohio.[46]
  • Died: General Salvador Alvarado, 43, former Mexican Treasury Secretary and Governor of Yucatán, later an anti-government rebel, was killed by agents of Mexico's President Obregon.[47]

June 11, 1924 (Wednesday)

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June 12, 1924 (Thursday)

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  • The largest train robbery in American history, based on adjusted value of the money taken, took place as the Newton Gang carried out the robbery of the express mail train number 57 of the Milwaukee Road (the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad) near Rondout, Illinois.[50] The train was stopped by the robbers while it was carrying out its "Fast Mail" service.[51] The amount of cash and bonds taken was more than three million dollars (similar to $54.3 million in 2024).
  • Asphyxiation killed 44 crewmen aboard the USS Mississippi off San Pedro, when the battleship's Number Two main battery turret exploded and filled the interior with smoke from a fire. A few minutes later, four rescuers were killed when the fire caused gunpowder in another cannon to explode.[52] The explosion was, at the time, the deadliest peacetime disaster in U.S. Navy history.
  • On the last day of the Republican National Convention, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge was formally nominated as the Republican candidate for the 1924 U.S. presidential election, receiving the votes of all but 44 delegates. Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin received 44 votes of delegates from Wisconsin and North Dakota, and Hiram Johnson of California got 10 delegate votes from South Dakota. Charles G. Dawes won the Republican nomination for vice president to be Coolidge's running mate.[53]
Future president Bush in 1925

June 13, 1924 (Friday)

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June 14, 1924 (Saturday)

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June 15, 1924 (Sunday)

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President Gaston Doumergue of France and Prime Minister Édouard Herriot

June 16, 1924 (Monday)

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  • The Lone Scouts of America, founded in 1915 by newspaper publisher W. D Boyce as a rural version of the Boy Scouts, merged with the Boy Scouts of America and discontinued operations.[70]
  • Fan Noli (Theofan Stilian Noli), one of the leaders of Albania's June Revolution, formed a government of ministers with himself as Prime Minister of Albania.[71]
  • King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy held an extraordinary council with former Prime Ministers and members of the royal family to discuss the Matteotti crisis as Mussolini's hold on power appeared increasingly tenuous.[72] Italian Fascist politician Cesare Rossi surrendered to police the same day after having been in hiding.[73]
  • The much-delayed trial of Mabel Normand's chauffeur, over the New Year's Day shooting of millionaire Courtland S. Dines, opened in Los Angeles. Edna Purviance once again testified that she was out of the room when the shooting happened.[74]
  • Born: Faith Domergue, American film and TV actress; in New Orleans (d. 1999)

June 17, 1924 (Tuesday)

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Outgoing South African premier Smuts, and new premier Hertzog

June 18, 1924 (Wednesday)

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June 19, 1924 (Thursday)

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  • A postal strike began in Canada.[80]
  • Finnish athlete Paavo Nurmi broke two world records on the same day at a meet at Eläintarha Stadium in Helsinki, running the 1500 meters in 3 minutes, 52.6 seconds, and later winning the 5000 meters in 14 minutes, 28.2 seconds.[81][82]
  • Italian fascist Giovanni Marinelli, was arrested in relation to the Matteoti Crisis.[83]
  • Mabel Normand's chauffeur was acquitted on the assault charge from the New Year's Day shooting, though he was immediately re-arrested on a separate liquor charge.[84] Despite the acquittal, the scandal was too much for Normand's film career after the William Desmond Taylor murder and she was effectively finished as a Hollywood star.[85]

June 20, 1924 (Friday)

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June 21, 1924 (Saturday)

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  • The South American nations of Peru and Ecuador reached an agreement on their disputed border in the Ponce-Castro Oyanguern Protocol", agreeing to U.S. arbitration if they were unable to reach any points on the division of Tacna and Arica.[92]
  • In advance of the Democratic National Convention in the U.S., Governor Al Smith of New York "spoke for six minutes via Phonofilm, three years before the first motion picture with sound, to the delegates of the New York Democratic Convention.[93]
  • Born:

June 22, 1924 (Sunday)

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  • Britain and France agreed to hold a conference in London starting in mid-July to discuss implementation of the Dawes Plan.[94]
  • Died: Judson Whitlocke Lyons, 65, African-American attorney who served as the highest-ranked black federal government official during the administrations of Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt as the Register of the Treasury, 1898 to 1906[95][96]

June 23, 1924 (Monday)

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U.S. Treasury Register Lyons

June 24, 1924 (Tuesday)

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June 25, 1924 (Wednesday)

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June 26, 1924 (Thursday)

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June 27, 1924 (Friday)

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  • The "Aventine Secession" took place as 123 members of the opposition in the Italian Chamber of Deputies walked out of the Chamber, retreated to Aventine Hill and gave Premier Benito Mussolini an ultimatum. The Deputies demanded an acknowledgment of government responsibility for Fascist crimes, a complete and thorough investigation of the Matteotti affair and the abolition of the Blackshirts. If the government did not accede, the ultimatum read, the opposition would stage a boycott of parliament.[116] On the same day, 10 minutes of silence were observed all over Italy in respect for Giacomo Matteotti.[117] Ultimately, the strategy of the 123 legislators would backfire and they would be declared on November 9, 1926, to have forfeited their seats, clearing the way legally for Italy to become a one-party state under Fascist control.
  • American golfer Walter Hagen won the British Open.
  • Born: Bob Appleyard, English cricketer (d. 2015)

June 28, 1924 (Saturday)

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June 29, 1924 (Sunday)

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  • Canada's postal strike ended.[122]
  • Studded leather collars were reported as the latest fad in women's fashion in Paris.[123]
  • Born:

June 30, 1924 (Monday)

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References

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  2. ^ Rabinach, Anson (May 19, 2002). "The World: Past as Prologue; The Politics of Assassination". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  3. ^ "Albania Revolt". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 2, 1924. p. 11.
  4. ^ "French "Left" Demands Scalp of Millerand". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 2, 1924. p. 18.
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  7. ^ Peterson, Helen L. (May 1957). "American Indian Political Participation". American Academy of Political and Social Science. 311 (1): 116–121. doi:10.1177/000271625731100113. S2CID 144617127.
  8. ^ "Criticizing Tax Measure, Coolidge Signs It". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 3, 1924. p. 1.
  9. ^ Sobel, Robert (1998). Coolidge: An American Enigma. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59698-737-1.
  10. ^ Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7864-6062-5.
  11. ^ "Ruhr Miners Expected to Resume Work Monday". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 1, 1924. p. 11.
  12. ^ Gila Wilderness at wilderness.net.
  13. ^ Aldo Leopold at the U.S. Forest Service.
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  32. ^ "U.S. Flyers Tune Up at Hongkong; Indo-China Next". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 9, 1924. p. 7.
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  40. ^ "MacFarlane Dies by His Own Hand; Author and Playwright Shoots Himself in Front of San Francisco Morgue". The New York Times. 10 June 1924. p. 22.
  41. ^ Townley, Edward (2002). Mussolini and Italy. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 0-435-32725-9.
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  43. ^ "Iraq Treaty Ratified at Bagdad". The Guardian. Manchester. June 12, 1924. p. 8.
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  47. ^ "Mexican Rebel Leader Killed by Own Men— Alvardo Arrested and Executed on Charge of Leading Troops to Disaster". Washington Evening Star. June 14, 1924. p. 1.
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  66. ^ "Herriot Is Premier; Forms His Cabinet; Warns the Germans", The New York Times, June 15, 1924
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  71. ^ "Bishop Noli Heads Albania Government". The Daily Oklahoman. Oklahoma City OK. June 17, 1924. p. 1.
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  79. ^ "Denmark Recognizes Red Government in Russia". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 20, 1924. p. 7.
  80. ^ "Postal Strike Stops Service Over Canada". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 20, 1924. p. 1.
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  123. ^ "Leather Collar Latest Fancy of Women in Paris?". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 30, 1924. p. 1.
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