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Smooth morphism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In algebraic geometry, a morphism between schemes is said to be smooth if

  • (i) it is locally of finite presentation
  • (ii) it is flat, and
  • (iii) for every geometric point the fiber is regular.

(iii) means that each geometric fiber of f is a nonsingular variety (if it is separated). Thus, intuitively speaking, a smooth morphism gives a flat family of nonsingular varieties.

If S is the spectrum of an algebraically closed field and f is of finite type, then one recovers the definition of a nonsingular variety.

A singular variety is called smoothable if it can be put in a flat family so that the nearby fibers are all smooth. Such a family is called a smoothning of the variety.

Equivalent definitions

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There are many equivalent definitions of a smooth morphism. Let be locally of finite presentation. Then the following are equivalent.

  1. f is smooth.
  2. f is formally smooth (see below).
  3. f is flat and the sheaf of relative differentials is locally free of rank equal to the relative dimension of .
  4. For any , there exists a neighborhood of x and a neighborhood of such that and the ideal generated by the m-by-m minors of is B.
  5. Locally, f factors into where g is étale.

A morphism of finite type is étale if and only if it is smooth and quasi-finite.

A smooth morphism is stable under base change and composition.

A smooth morphism is universally locally acyclic.

Examples

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Smooth morphisms are supposed to geometrically correspond to smooth submersions in differential geometry; that is, they are smooth locally trivial fibrations over some base space (by Ehresmann's theorem).

Smooth Morphism to a Point

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Let be the morphism of schemes

It is smooth because of the Jacobian condition: the Jacobian matrix

vanishes at the points which has an empty intersection with the polynomial, since

which are both non-zero.

Trivial Fibrations

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Given a smooth scheme the projection morphism

is smooth.

Vector Bundles

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Every vector bundle over a scheme is a smooth morphism. For example, it can be shown that the associated vector bundle of over is the weighted projective space minus a point

sending

Notice that the direct sum bundles can be constructed using the fiber product

Separable Field Extensions

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Recall that a field extension is called separable iff given a presentation

we have that . We can reinterpret this definition in terms of Kähler differentials as follows: the field extension is separable iff

Notice that this includes every perfect field: finite fields and fields of characteristic 0.

Non-Examples

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Singular Varieties

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If we consider of the underlying algebra for a projective variety , called the affine cone of , then the point at the origin is always singular. For example, consider the affine cone of a quintic -fold given by

Then the Jacobian matrix is given by

which vanishes at the origin, hence the cone is singular. Affine hypersurfaces like these are popular in singularity theory because of their relatively simple algebra but rich underlying structures.

Another example of a singular variety is the projective cone of a smooth variety: given a smooth projective variety its projective cone is the union of all lines in intersecting . For example, the projective cone of the points

is the scheme

If we look in the chart this is the scheme

and project it down to the affine line , this is a family of four points degenerating at the origin. The non-singularity of this scheme can also be checked using the Jacobian condition.

Degenerating Families

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Consider the flat family

Then the fibers are all smooth except for the point at the origin. Since smoothness is stable under base-change, this family is not smooth.

Non-Separable Field Extensions

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For example, the field is non-separable, hence the associated morphism of schemes is not smooth. If we look at the minimal polynomial of the field extension,

then , hence the Kähler differentials will be non-zero.

Formally smooth morphism

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One can define smoothness without reference to geometry. We say that an S-scheme X is formally smooth if for any affine S-scheme T and a subscheme of T given by a nilpotent ideal, is surjective where we wrote . Then a morphism locally of finite presentation is smooth if and only if it is formally smooth.

In the definition of "formally smooth", if we replace surjective by "bijective" (resp. "injective"), then we get the definition of formally étale (resp. formally unramified).

Smooth base change

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Let S be a scheme and denote the image of the structure map . The smooth base change theorem states the following: let be a quasi-compact morphism, a smooth morphism and a torsion sheaf on . If for every in , is injective, then the base change morphism is an isomorphism.

See also

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References

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