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User:Louis XVIII/List of Roman Emperors

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The Principate

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Julio-Claudian dynasty

[edit]
Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Augustus
IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS
September 23 63 BC, Rome, Italia Became de facto emperor as a result of the 'first settlement' between himself and the Roman Senate. January 16, 27 BC – August 19, 14 AD August 19, 14 AD
Natural causes.
40 Years, 7 Months and 3 days
Tiberius
TIBERIVS IVLIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS
November 16 42 BC, Rome Son of Augustus's wife Livia by a previous marriage; adopted son of Augustus. September 18, 14 AD – March 16, 37 AD March 16, 37 AD
Probably natural causes, possibly assassinated by Caligula
22 Years, 6 Months and 2 days
Caligula
GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS
August 31, 12 AD, Antium, Italia Tiberius's great-nephew and adopted grandson; great-grandson of Augustus. March 18, 37 AD – January 24, 41 AD January 24, 41 AD
Assassinated in a conspiracy involving senators and Praetorian Guards.
3 Years, 10 Months and 6 days
Claudius
TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS
August 1, 10 BC, Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis Nephew of Tiberius, brother of Germanicus and uncle of Caligula; proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard. January 25/26, 41 AD – October 13, 54 AD October 13, 54 AD
Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina the Younger, in favour of her son Nero, possibly natural causes.
13 Years, 9 Months
Nero
NERO CLAUDIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS GERMANICUS
December 15, 37 AD, Antium, Italia Grandson of Germanicus, nephew of Caligula, step- and adopted son of Claudius; great-great-grandson of Augustus. October 13, 54 AD – June 9, 68 AD June 9, 68 AD
Committed suicide after being declared a public enemy by the Senate.
13 Years, 8 Months

Year of the Four Emperors and Flavian Dynasty

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Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Galba
SERVIVS SVLPICIVS GALBA CAESAR AVGVSTVS
December 24 3 BC, Near Terracina, Italia Seized power after Nero's suicide, with support of the Spanish legions June 8, 68 AD – January 15, 69 AD January 15, 69 AD
Murdered by Praetorian Guard in coup led by Otho.
7 Months
Otho
MARCVS SALVIVS OTHO CAESAR AVGVSTVS
April 28, 32 AD, Ferentinum, Etruria, Italia Appointed by Praetorian Guard January 15, 69 AD – April 16, 69 AD April 16, 69 AD
Committed suicide after losing Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius
3 months 1 day (91 days)
Vitellius
AVLVS VITELLIVS GERMANICVS AVGVSTVS
September 24, 15 AD, Rome Seized power with support of German Legions (in opposition to Galba/Otho) April 17, 69 AD – December 20, 69 AD December 20, 69 AD
Murdered by Vespasian's troops
8 Months
Vespasian
TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS
November 17, 9 AD, Falacrine, Italia Seized power with the support of the eastern Legions (in opposition to Vitellius) July 1, 69 AD – June 24, 79 AD June 24, 79 AD
Natural causes
10 years
Titus
TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS
December 30, 39 AD, Rome Son of Vespasian June 24, 79 AD – September 13, 81 AD September 13, 81 AD
Natural causes (Plague)
2 years, 3 months
Domitian
TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS
October 24, 51 AD, Rome Son of Vespasian September 14, 81 AD – September 18, 96 AD September 18, 96 AD
Assassinated by court officials
15 years

Nervan-Antonian dynasty

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Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Nerva
MARCVS COCCEIVS NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS
November 8, 30 AD, Narni, Italia Appointed by the Senate September 18, 96 AD – January 27, 98 AD January 27, 98 AD
Natural causes
1 year, 4 months
Trajan
CAESAR MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA TRAIANVS AVGVSTVS
September 18, 53 AD, Italica, Hispania Baetica Adopted son and heir of Nerva January 28, 98 AD – August 7, 117 AD August 7, 117 AD
Natural causes
19 years, 7 months
Hadrian
CAESAR PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
January 24, 76 AD, Italica, Hispania Baetica (or Rome) Adopted son and heir of Trajan August 11, 117 AD – July 10, 138 AD July 10, 138 AD
Natural causes
21 years
Antoninus Pius
CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HADRIANVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS
September 19, 86 AD, Near Lanuvium, Italia Adopted son and heir of Hadrian July 10, 138 AD – March 7, 161 AD March 7, 161 AD
Natural causes
22 years, 7 months
Lucius Verus
CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS VERVS AVGVSTVS
December 15, 130 AD, Rome Adopted son and heir of Antoninus Pius; Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius until death March 7, 161 AD – ? March 169 AD March 169 AD
Natural causes (Plague)
8 years
Marcus Aurelius
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS
April 26, 121 AD, Rome Adopted son and heir of Antoninus Pius; Co-emperor with Lucius Verus until 169 AD March 7, 161 AD – March 17, 180 AD March 17, 180 AD
Natural causes
19 years
Commodus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS
August 31, 161 AD, Lanuvium, Italia Natural son of Marcus Aurelius; joint emperor from 177 AD 177 AD – December 31, 192 AD December 31, 192 AD
Assassinated in palace, strangled to death
15 years,

Year of the Five Emperors & Severan dynasty

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Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Pertinax
CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS
August 1, 126 AD, Alba, Italia Proclaimed emperor by Praetorian Guard January 1, 193 AD – March 28, 193 AD March 28, 193 AD
Murdered by Praetorian Guard
3 months
Didius Julianus
CAESAR MARCVS DIDIVS SEVERVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS
133 or 137 AD, Milan, Italia Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor March 28, 193 AD – June 1, 193 AD June 1, 193 AD
Executed on orders of the Senate
2 months 4 days (65 days)
Septimius Severus
CAESAR LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS
April 11, 145 AD, Leptis Magna, Libya Seized power with support of Pannonian legions[1] April 9, 193 AD – February 4, 211 AD February 4, 211 AD
Natural causes
17 years, 10 months
Caracalla
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ANTONINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS
April 4, 188 AD, Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis Son of Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus from 198 AD; with Severus and Geta from 209 AD until February 211 AD; co-emperor with Geta until December 211 AD 198 AD – April 8, 217 AD April 8, 217 AD
Murdered by a soldier as part of a conspiracy involving Macrinus
19 years
Geta
CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS GETA AVGVSTUS
March 7, 189 AD, Rome Son of Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus and Caracalla from 209 AD until February 211 AD; co-emperor with Caracalla until December 211 AD 209 AD – December 26, 211 AD December 19, 211 AD
Murdered on the orders of Caracalla
3 years
Macrinus
MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS MACRINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX

with
Diadumenian
MARCVS OPELLIVS ANTONINVS DIADUMENIANVS
c. 165 AD, Iol Caesarea, Mauretania Praetorian Prefect to Caracalla, probably conspired to have Caracalla murdered and proclaimed himself emperor after Caracalla's death; appointed his son Diadumenian junior emperor in May 217 April 11, 217 AD – June 8, 218 AD June 8, 218 AD
Both executed in favour of Elagabalus
1 year, 2 months
Elagabalus
MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS
c. 203 AD, Emesa, Syria Grandson of Septimius Severus's sister-in-law, alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla; proclaimed emperor by Syrian legions June 8, 218 AD – March 11, 222 AD March 11, 222 AD
Murdered by Praetorian Guard
3 years, 9 months
Severus Alexander
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ALEXANDER AVGVSTVS
October 1, 208 AD, Arca Caesarea, Syria Grandson of Septimius Severus's sister-in-law, cousin and adoptive heir of Elagabalus March 13, 222 AD – March 18, 235 AD March 18, 235 AD
Murdered by the army
13 years

Emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century

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Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Maximinus I
CAESAR GAIVS JVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS
c.173 AD, Thrace or Moesia Proclaimed emperor by German legions after the murder of Severus Alexander March 20, 235 AD – June 238 AD June 238 AD
Assassinated by Praetorian Guard
3 years, 3 month
Gordian I
CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 159 AD, Phrygia? Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but retrospectively legitimised by the accession of Gordian III March 22, 238 AD – April 12, 238 AD April 238 AD
Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II.
21 days
Gordian II
CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 192 AD, ? Proclaimed emperor, alongside father Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus by act of the Senate. March 22, 238 AD – April 12, 238 AD April 238 AD
Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army
21 days
Pupienus
CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS
c. 178 AD, ? Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Balbinus. April 22, 238 AD – July 29, 238 AD July 29, 238 AD
Assassinated by the Praetorian Guard
3 Months
Balbinus
CAESAR DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS BALBINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS
? Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I & II, in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III April 22, 238 AD – July 29, 238 AD July 29, 238 AD
Assassinated by Praetorian Guard
3 Months
Gordian III
CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS AVGVSTVS
January 20, 225 AD, Rome Proclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I & II, then by the Senate; joint emperor with Pupienus and Balbinus until July 238 AD. April 22, 238 AD – February 11, 244 AD February 11, 244 AD
Unknown; possibly murdered on orders of Philip I
6 Years
Philip I
CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS PHILLIPVS AVGVSTVS

with Philip II
c. 204 AD, Shahba, Syria Praetorian Prefect to Gordian III, took power after his death; made his son Philip II co-emperor in summer 247 AD February 244 AD – September/October 249 AD September/October 249 AD
Killed in battle against Trajan Decius, near Verona
5 Years
Trajan Decius
CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS

with Herennius Etruscus
c. 201 AD, Budalia, Lower Pannonia Governor under Philip I; proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions and defeated Philip in battle; made his son Herennius Etruscus co-emperor in early 251 AD September/ October 249 AD – June 251 AD June 251 AD
Both killed in the Battle of Abrittus fighting against the Goths
2 Years
Hostilian
CAESAR CAIVS VALENS HOSTILIANVS MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS
Rome Son of Trajan Decius, accepted as heir by the Senate June 251 AD – late 251 AD September/October 251 AD
Natural causes (Plague)
4-5 Months
Trebonianus Gallus
CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVGVSTVS

with
Volusianus
206 AD, Italia Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Trajan Decius's death (and in opposition to Hostilian); made his son Volusianus co-emperor in late 251 AD. June 251 AD – August 253 AD August 253 AD
Assassinated by their own troops, in favour of Aemilian
2 Years
Aemilian
CAESAR MARCVS AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 207 AD Africa Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after defeating the Goths; accepted as emperor after death of Gallus August 253 AD – October 253 AD September/October 253 AD
Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Valerian
2 Months
Valerian
CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS VALERIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 195 AD Governor of Noricum and Raetia, proclaimed emperor by Rhine legions after death of Gallus; accepted as emperor after death of Aemilian October 253 AD – 260 AD After 260 AD
Captured in Battle of Edessa against Persians, died in captivity
7 Years
Gallienus
CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS AVGVSTVS

with Saloninus
218 AD Son of Valerian, made co-emperor in 253 AD; his son Saloninus is very briefly co-emperor in c. July before assassination by Postumus. October 253 AD – September 268 AD September 268 AD
Murdered at Aquileia by his own commanders.
15 Years
Claudius Gothicus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS
May 10, 213 AD/214 AD, Sirmium Victorious general at Battle of Naissus, seized power after Gallienus's death September 268 AD – January 270 AD January 270 AD
Natural causes (Plague)
1 Year, 4 Months
Quintillus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS QVINTILLVS AVGVSTVS
?, Sirmium Brother of Claudius Gothicus, seized power after his death January 270 AD – 270 AD 270 AD
Unclear; possibly suicide or murder
Unknown
Aurelian
CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS AVGVSTVS
September 9, 214 AD/215 AD, Sirmium Proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus September(?) 270 AD – September 275 AD September 275 AD
Assassinated by Praetorian Guard
5 Years
Tacitus
CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS AVGVSTVS
c. 200, Interamna Elected by the Senate to replace Aurelian, after a short interregnum September 25, 275 AD – June 276 AD June 276 AD
Natural causes (possibly assassinated)
9 Months
Florian
CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVGVSTVS
? Brother of Tacitus, elected by the army in the west to replace him June 276 AD – September? 276 AD September? 276 AD
Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Probus
3 Months
Probus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS PROBVS AVGVSTVS
232 AD, Sirmium Governor of the eastern provinces, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions in opposition to Florian September? 276 AD – September/ October 282 AD September/ October 282 AD
Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Carus
6 Years
Carus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARVS AVGVSTVS
c. 230 AD, Narbo Praetorian Prefect to Probus; seized power either before or after Probus was murdered September/ October 282 AD – late July/ early August 283 AD Late July/early August 283 AD
Natural causes? (Possibly killed by lightning)
10-11 Months
Numerian
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS AVGVSTVS
? Son of Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother Carinus Late July/early August 283 AD – 284 AD? 284 AD
Unclear; possibly assassinated
1 Year
Carinus
CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS AVGVSTVS
? Son of Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother Numerian Late July/early August 283 AD – 285 AD 285 AD
Died in battle against Diocletian?
2 Years

The Dominate

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Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

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Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Diocletian
CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. December 22, 244 AD, Salona Proclaimed emperor by army after death of Numerian, and in opposition to Carinus; adopted Maximian as senior co-emperor in 286 AD November 20, 285 AD – May 1, 305 AD 3 December 311 AD
Abdicated; died of natural causes in Aspalatos
20 years
Maximian
CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 250 AD, near Sirmium, Pannonia Adopted as senior co-emperor ('Augustus') in the west by Diocletian in 286 AD April 1, 286 AD – May 1, 305 AD 310 AD
Abdicated with Diocletian; twice tried to regain throne with, and then from Maxentius; captured by Constantine I and committed suicide at his behest
19 years
Constantius I Chlorus
CAESAR GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS
March 31 c. 250 AD, Dardania, Moesia Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Maximian in 293 AD May 1, 305 AD – July 25, 306 AD 306 AD
Natural causes
1 year and 2 months
Galerius
CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS
c. 260 AD, Felix Romuliana, Moesia Superior Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Diocletian in 293 AD May 1, 305 AD – May 311 AD 311 AD
Natural causes
6 years
Severus II
FLAVIVS VALERIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS
? Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Constantius I Chlorus in 305 AD; succeeded as Augustus in 306; opposed by Maxentius and Constantine I Summer 306 AD – March/ April 307 AD September 16, 307 AD
Captured by Maxentius and forced to commit suicide (or murdered)
1 year
Constantine I
CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS VALERIVS AVGVSTVS
February 27 c. 272 AD, Naissus, Moesia Superior Son of Constantius I Chlorus, proclaimed emperor by his father's troops; accepted as Caesar (west) by Galerius in 306 AD; promoted to Augustus (west) in 307 AD by Maximian after death of Severus II; refused relegation to Caesar in 309 AD 25 July 306 AD – May 22, 337 AD May 22, 337 AD
Natural causes
31 years
Maxentius
MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXENTIVS AVGVSTVS
c. 278 AD, ? Son of Maximian, seized power in 306 after death of Constantius I Chlorus, in opposition to Severus and Constantine I; made Caesar (west) by Maximian in 307 AD after the death of Severus 28 October 306 AD – October 28, 312 AD October 28, 312 AD
Died at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, against Constantine I
6 years
Maximinus II
CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS
November 20 c. 270 AD, Dacia Aureliana Nephew of Galerius, adopted as Caesar and his heir in 305 AD; succeeded as Augustus (shared with Licinius I) in 311 AD May 1, 311 AD – July/August 313 AD July/August 313 AD
Defeated in civil war against Licinius I; probably committed suicide thereafter
2 years
Licinius I
CAESAR GAIVS VALERIVS LICINIVS AVGVSTVS

with
Valerius Valens
Martinian
c. 250 AD, Felix Romuliana, Moesia Superior Appointed Augustus in the west by Galerius in 308 AD, in opposition to Maxentius; became Augustus in the east in 311 AD after the death of Galerius (shared with Maximinus II); defeated Maximinus in civil war to become sole eastern Augustus in 313 AD; appointed Valerius Valens in 317 AD, and Martinian in 324 AD as western Augustus, in opposition to Constantine, both being executed within weeks. November 11, 308 AD – September 18, 324 AD 325 AD
Defeated in civil war against Constantine I in 324 AD and captured; executed on the orders of Constantine the next year
16 years
Constantine II
CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS
316 AD, Arles Son of Constantine I; appointed Caesar in 317 AD, succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantius II and Constans I May 22, 337 AD – 340 AD 340 AD
Died in battle against Constans I
3 years
Constantius II
CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS
August 7, 317 AD, Sirmium, Pannonia Son of Constantine I; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantine II and Constans I; sole emperor from 350 AD May 22, 337 AD – November 3, 361 AD 361 AD
Natural causes
24 Years
Constans I
CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS AVGVSTVS
320 AD, ? Son of Constantine I; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantine II and Constantius II May 22, 337 AD – 350 AD 350 AD
Assassinated on the orders of the usurper Magnentius
13 Years
Vetranio ?, Moesia General of Constans I, proclaimed Caesar against Magnentius and temporarily accepted as Augustus of the west by Constantius II. March 1 – December 25, 350 AD c. 356
As a private citizen, after abdication.
9 Months
Julian II
CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS
331 AD/332 AD, Constantinople, Thracia Cousin of Constantius II; made Caesar of the west in 355 AD; proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 360; sole emperor after the death of Constantius February 360 AD – June 26, 363 AD June 26, 363 AD
Mortally wounded in battle
3 Years
Jovian
CAESAR FLAVIVS IOVIANVS AVGVSTVS
331 AD, Singidunum, Moesia General of Julian's army; proclaimed emperor by the troops on Julian's death June 26, 363 AD – February 17, 364 AD February 17, 364 AD
Natural causes (suffocated on fumes)
1 Year

Valentinian dynasty

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Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Valentinian I
FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS
321 AD, Cibalae, Pannonia Elected to replace Jovian by the army February 26, 364 AD – November 17, 375 AD November 17, 375 AD
Natural causes
11 Years
Valens
FLAVIVS IVLIVS VALENS AVGVSTVS
328 AD, Cibalae, Pannonia Brother of Valentinian I, appointed co-augustus (for the east) by him March 28, 364 AD – August 9, 378 AD August 9, 378 AD
Killed in Battle of Adrianople against the Goths
14 Years
Gratian
FLAVIVS GRATIANVS AVGVSTVS
April 18/May 23, 359 AD, Sirmium, Pannonia Son of Valentinian I, appointed 'junior' Augustus by him in 367, became 'senior' augustus (for the west) after Valentinian's death. August 4, 367 AD – August 25, 383 AD August 25, 383 AD
Murdered by rebellious army faction
16 Years
Valentinian II
FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS INVICTVS AVGVSTVS
371 AD, Milan, Italia Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed emperor by Pannonian army after Valentinian's death; accepted as co-Augustus for the west by Gratian November 17, 375 AD – May 15, 392 AD May 15, 392 AD
Unclear; possibly murdered or committed suicide
17 Years

Theodosian dynasty

[edit]
Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Theodosius I
FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS
January 11, 347 AD, Cauca, Hispania Appointed as Augustus for the east by Gratian after the death of Valens; became sole 'senior' Augustus after death of Valentinian II January 1, 379 AD – January 17, 395 AD January 17, 395 AD
Natural causes
16 Years
Arcadius
FLAVIVS ARCADIVS AVGVSTVS

EAST
c. 377 AD, Hispania Son of Theodosius I; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the east by Theodosius in 383 (after the death of Gratian); became 'senior' Augustus for the east after his father's death January 383 AD – May 1, 408 AD May 1, 408 AD
Natural causes
25 Years
Honorius
FLAVIVS HONORIVS AVGVSTVS

WEST
September 9, 384 AD, ? Son of Theodosius I; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the west by Theodosius in 393 (after the death of Valentinian II); became 'senior' Augustus for the west after his father's death January 23, 393 AD – August 15, 423 AD August 15, 423 AD
Natural causes
30 Years
Theodosius II
FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS

EAST
April 10, 401 AD, Constantinople? Son of Arcadius; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the east by Arcadius in 402; became 'senior' Augustus for the east after his father's death January 402 AD – July 28, 450 AD July 28, 450 AD
Natural causes
48 Years
Constantius III
FLAVIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS

WEST
?, Naissus, Moesia Superior Married to Theodosius I's daughter Galla Placidia, elevated to co-Augustus for the west by Honorius February 8, 421 AD – September 2, 421 AD September 2, 421 AD
Natural causes
7 Months
Joannes


WEST
? A senior civil servant under Honorius, proclaimed emperor by Castinus; not recognized by the Eastern Empire August 27, 423 AD – May 425 AD June or July 425 AD
Defeated in battle by Theodosius II and Valentinian III, captured and executed
2 Years
Valentinian III
FLAVIVS PLACIDIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS

WEST
July 2, 419 AD, Ravenna, Italia Son of Constantius III, appointed Caesar for the west by Theodosius II after the death of Honorius, in opposition to the Johannes; became Augustus for the west after the defeat of Johannes October 23, 424 AD – March 16, 455 AD March 16, 455 AD
Assassinated, possibly at the behest of Petronius Maximus
31 Years
Marcian
FLAVIVS MARCIANIVS AVGVSTVS

EAST
396, Thrace or Illyria Nominated as successor (and husband) by Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II Summer 450 AD – January 457 AD January 457 AD
Natural causes
7 Years

The last emperors of the Western Empire

[edit]
Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Death Time in Office
Petronius Maximus
FLAVIVS ANICIVS PETRONIVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS
c. 396 AD, ? Proclaimed himself emperor with the support of the army, after the death of Valentinian III. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire. March 17, 455 AD – May 31, 455 AD May 31, 455 AD
Murdered, probably stoned to death by the Roman mob
2 Months
Avitus
EPARCHIVS AVITVS AVGVSTVS
c. 385 AD, ? Magister militum under Petronius Maximus, proclaimed emperor by the Visigoth king Theoderic II after Petronius's death July 9, 455 AD – October 17, 456 AD after 17 October 456 AD
Deposed by his Magister militum, Ricimer; became bishop of Placentia; murdered at some point afterwards
1 Year
Majorian
IVLIVS VALERIVS MAIORIANVS AVGVSTVS
November 420 AD, ? Appointed emperor by Ricimer April 457 AD – August 2, 461 AD August 7, 461 AD
Deposed by his troops (probably at the behest of Ricimer); beheaded on the orders of Ricimer
4 Years
Libius Severus
LIBIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS
?, Lucania, Italia Appointed emperor by Ricimer. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire. November 461 AD – August 465 AD August 465 AD
Probably poisoned by Ricimer
4 Years
Anthemius
PROCOPIVS ANTHEMIVS AVGVSTVS
c. 420 AD Appointed emperor by Ricimer, with the backing of the eastern emperor Leo I April 12, 467 AD – July 11, 472 AD July 11, 472 AD
Executed by Ricimer
5 Years
Olybrius
FLAVIVS ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AVGVSTVS
c. 420 AD Son-in-law of Valentinian III; appointed emperor by Ricimer. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire. July 11, 472 AD – November 2, 472 AD November 2, 472 AD
Natural causes
4 Months
Glycerius
FLAVIVS(?) GLYCERIVS AVGVSTVS
? Appointed emperor by Gundobad (Ricimer's successor). Not recognized by the Eastern Empire. March 473 AD – June 474 AD after 480 AD
Deposed by Julius Nepos, became Bishop of Salona, time and manner of death unknown
1 Year
Julius Nepos
FLAVIVS IVLIVS NEPOS AVGVSTVS
c. 430 AD - 480 AD Nephew-in-law of the eastern emperor Leo I, appointed emperor in opposition to Glycerius June 474 AD – August 28, 475 AD (in Italy); – Spring 480 AD (in Gaul and Dalmatia) 480 AD
Deposed in Italy by Flavius Orestes, ruled in balance of Western Empire until assassination in 480. Maintained as figurehead in Italy by Odoacer to his death in 480.
1 Year/6 Years
Romulus Augustus
FLAVIVS ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS
? Appointed by his father, Flavius Orestes. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire. October 31, 475 AD – September 4, 476 AD (in Italy) Unknown.
Regarded as emperor more from historical convention than accuracy, his rule never extended beyond portions of Italian peninsular and was not recognized by Eastern Emperor Zeno. Deposed by Odoacer, who then ruled in the name of Julius Nepos until the latter's death in 480, which formally ended the separate western empire; most likely lived out his life on a private villa in obscurity.
1 Year

Eastern emperors

[edit]

Leonid dynasty (457–518)

[edit]
Name Reign Comments
Leo I "the Thracian", "the Butcher", or "the Great"
(Λέων Α' ο Θράξ, ο Μακέλλης, ο Μέγας, Flavius Valerius Leo)
7 February 457 –
18 January 474
Born in Dacia ca. 400, and of Bessian origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic commander-in-chief of the army, Aspar, who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube frontier and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the western empire, supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an expedition to recover Carthage from the Vandals in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the Isaurians as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter Ariadne to the Isaurian leader Tarasicodissa (Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken.[2]
Leo II "the Little"
(Λέων Β' ο Μικρός, Flavius Leo)
18 January –
17 November 474
Born ca. 467, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. Raised to Caesar and then co-emperor in autumn 473, soon after his accession Leo II crowned his father Zeno as co-emperor and effective regent. Died shortly after, possibly poisoned.[3]
Zeno
(Ζήνων, Flavius Zeno)
17 November 474 –
9 April 491
Born ca. 425 in Isauria, originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to comes domesticorum, married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of Aspar and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 9 February 474, and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before Basiliscus in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the Vandals, saw off challenges against him by Illus and Verina, and secured peace in the Balkans by enticing the Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great to migrate to Italy. Zeno's reign also saw the end of the western line of emperors. His pro-Monophysite stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the Henotikon resulted in the Acacian Schism with the papacy.[4]
Basiliscus
(Βασιλίσκος, Flavius Basiliscus)
9 January 475 –
August 476
General and brother-in-law of Leo I, he seized power from Zeno but was again deposed by him. Died in 476/477
Anastasius I
(Αναστάσιος Α' ο Δίκορος, Flavius Anastasius)
11 April 491 –
9 July 518
Born ca. 430 at Dyrrhachium, he was a palace official (silentiarius) when he was chosen as her husband and Emperor by Empress-dowager Ariadne. He was nicknamed "Dikoros", because of his heterochromia. Anastasius reformed the tax system and the Byzantine coinage and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to wideaspread opposition, most notably the Revolt of Vitalian and the Acacian Schism. His reign was also marked by the first Bulgar raids into the Balkans and by a war with Persia over the foundation of Dara. He died childless.[5]

Justinian dynasty (518–602)

[edit]
Name Reign Comments
Justin I
(Ιουστίνος Α', Flavius Iustinus)
July 518 –
1 August 527
Born c. 450 at Bederiana (Justiniana Prima), Dardania. Officer and commander of the Excubitors bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.
Justinian I "the Great"
(Ιουστινιανός Α' ο Μέγας, Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus)
1 August 527 –
13/14 November 565
Born in 482/483 at Tauresium (Taor), Macedonia. Nephew of Justin I, possibly raised to co-emperor on 1 April 527. Succeeded on Justin I's death.
Justin II
(Ιουστίνος Β', Flavius Iustinus Iunior)
14 November 565 –
5 October 578
Born c. 520. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife Sophia, and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine.
Tiberius II Constantine
(Τιβέριος Β', Flavius Tiberius Constantinus)
5 October 578 –
14 August 582
Born c. 535, commander of the Excubitors, friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named Caesar and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death.
Maurice
(Μαυρίκιος, Flavius Mauricius Tiberius)
14 August 582 –
22 November 602
Born in 539 at Arabissus, Cappadocia. Became an official and later a general. Married the daughter of Tiberius II and succeeded him upon his death. Named his son Theodosius as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 November 602 at Chalcedon.

Non-dynastic (602–610)

[edit]
Name Reign Comments
Phocas
(Φωκάς, Flavius Phocas)
23 November 602 –
4 October 610
Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.

Heraclian dynasty (610–695)

[edit]
Name Reign Comments
Heraclius
(Ηράκλειος, Flavius Heraclius)
5 October 610 –
11 February 641
Born c. 575 as the eldest son of the Exarch of Africa, Heraclius the Elder. Began a revolt against Phocas in 609 and deposed him in October 610. Brought the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628 to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the Muslim conquest of Syria.
Constantine III
formally Heraclius New Constantine
(Ηράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντίνος, Heraclius Novus Constantinus)
11 February –
24/26 May 641
Born on 3 May 612 as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife Fabia Eudokia. Named co-emperor in 613, he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager Martina.
Heraklonas
(Ηρακλωνάς, Heraclianus)
formally Constantine Heraclius
(Κωνσταντίνος Ηράκλειος, Constantinus Heraclius)
11 February 641 –
September 641
Born in 626 to Heraclius' second wife Martina, named co-emperor in 638. Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following the death of Heraclius. Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name Constans II co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the Senate in September 641.
Constans II
(Κώνστας Β', Constantus II)
formally Constantine "the Bearded",
(Κωνσταντίνος ο Πωγωνάτος)
September 641 –
15 September 668
Born on 7 November 630, the son of Constantine III. Raised to co-emperor in summer 641 after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heraklonas. Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. "Constans" is his nickname. Moved his seat to Syracuse, where he was assassinated, possibly on the orders of Mezezius.
Constantine IV "the Bearded"
(Κωνσταντίνος Δ' ο Πωγωνάτος)
15 September 668 –
September 685
Born in 652, he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father. He repelled the First Arab Siege of Constantinople, and died of dysentery.
Justinian II "the Slit-nosed"
(Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος)
September 685 –
695
Born in 669, he was named co-emperor in 681 and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in 695, mutilated (hence his surname) and exiled to Cherson, whence he recovered his throne in 705.

Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)

[edit]
Name Reign Comments
Leontios
(Λεόντιος)
695–698 General from Isauria, he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in 698. He was executed in February 706.
Tiberius III Apsimar
(Τιβέριος Γ' Αψίμαρος)
698–705 Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar. He rebelled against Leontios after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. Executed in February 706.
Justinian II "the Slit-nosed"
(Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος)
August 705 –
December 711
Returned on the throne with Bulgar support. Named son Tiberius as co-emperor in 706. Deposed and killed by military revolt.
Philippikos Bardanes
(Φιλιππικός Βαρδάνης)
December 711 –
3 June 713
A general of Armenian origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the Opsician troops.
Anastasios II
(Αναστάσιος Β')
June 713 –
November 715
Originally named Artemios. A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippikos, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippikos. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in 718 and was killed.
Theodosios III
(Θεοδόσιος Γ')
May 715 –
25 March 717
A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in November 715. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk.

Isaurian dynasty (717–802)

[edit]
Name Reign Comments
Leo III "the Isaurian"
(Λέων Γ΄ ο Ίσαυρος)
25 March 717 –
18 June 741
Born c. 685 in Germanikeia, Commagene, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople and initiated the Byzantine Iconoclasm.
Constantine V "the Dung-named"
(Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄ ο Κοπρώνυμος)
18 June 741 –
14 September 775
Born in July 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname "the Dung-named" in hostile later chroniclers.
Artabasdos
(Αρτάβασδος)
June 741/742 –
2 November 743
General and son-in-law of Leo III, Count of the Opsician Theme. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who blinded and tonsured him.
Leo IV "the Khazar"
(Λέων Δ΄ ο Χάζαρος)
14 September 775 –
8 September 780
Born on 25 January 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father's death.
Constantine VI
(Κωνσταντίνος ΣΤ΄)
8 September 780 –
August 797
Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor in 776, sole emperor upon Leo's death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene's orders, blinded and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after. He was succeeded in 800 by Charlemagne.

Carolingian dynasty

[edit]
Image Name Life Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Coin
Charles I
(Charlemagne)
2 April 742
-
28 January 814
25 December 800 28 January 814 Founder of the Holy Roman Empire
Louis I 778
-
20 June 840
5 October 816 20 June 840 son of Emperor Charles I
Lothair I 795
-
29 September 855
5 April 823 29 September 855 son of Emperor Louis I
Louis II 825
-
12 August 875
1st Easter 850
2nd 18 May 872
12 August 875 son of Emperor Lothair I
Charles II 13 June 823
-
6 October 877
29 December 875 6 October 877 son of Emperor Louis I
Charles III 13 June 839
-
13 January 888
12 February 881 13 January 888 grandson of Emperor Louis I

Guideschi dynasty

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Image Name Life Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Coin
Guy 855
-
12 December 894
May 891 12 December 894 great-great grandson of Emperor Charles I -
Lambert 880
-
15 October 898
30 April 892 15 October 898 son of Emperor Guy -

Carolingian dynasty

[edit]
Image Name Life Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Coin
Arnulph 850
-
8 December 899
22 February 896 8 December 899 nephew of Charles III
and
great-grandson of Emperor Louis I
-

Bosonid dynasty

[edit]
Image Name Life Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Coin
Louis III 880
-
28 June 928
22 February 901 21 July 905 grandson of Emperor Louis II -

Unruoching dynasty

[edit]
Image Name Life Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Coin
Berengar 845
-
7 April 924
December 915 7 April 924 grandson of Emperor Louis I -

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

Holy Roman Emperors

[edit]

Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Seal
1
Otto I 23 November 912
-
7 May 973
- 2 February 962 7 May 973 perhaps great-great-great grandson of Emperor Louis I[citation needed]
2
Otto II 955
-
7 December 983
961 25 December 967 7 December 983 son of Emperor Otto I
3
Otto III 980
-
23 January 1002
June 983 21 May 996 23 January 1002 son of Emperor Otto II
4
Henry II
[6]
6 May 973
-
13 July 1024
7 June 1002 14 February 1014 13 July 1024 second cousin of Emperor Otto III and great-great-great-great-great grandson of Emperor Louis I

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Seal
5
Conrad II
[7]
990
-
4 June 1039
1024 26 March 1027 4 June 1039 great-great-grandson of Emperor Otto I
6
Henry III 29 October 1017
-
5 October 1056
1028 25 December 1046 5 October 1056 son of Emperor Conrad II
7
Henry IV 11 November 1050
-
7 August 1106
1053 31 March 1084 December 1105 son of Emperor Henry III
8
Henry V
[8]
8 November 1086
-
23 May 1125
6 January 1099 13 April 1111 23 May 1125 son of Emperor Henry IV

Supplinburg dynasty

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Seal
9
Lothair III
[9]
9 June 1075
-
4 December 1137
1125 4 June 1133 4 December 1137 perhaps 9th generation descendant of Emperor Otto I
or
11th generation descendant of Emperor Charles II

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Arms
10
Frederick I 1122
-
10 June 1190
4 March 1152 18 June 1155 10 June 1190 great-grandson of Emperor Henry IV
11
Henry VI November 1165
-
28 September 1197
?April 1169 14 April 1191 28 September 1197 son of Emperor Frederick I

Welf dynasty

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Arms
12
Otto IV 1175 or 1176
-
19 May 1218
9 June 1198 4 October 1209 1215 great-grandson of Emperor Lothair III

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Arms
13
Frederick II 26 December 1194
-
13 December 1250
1196
1215 re-election
22 November 1220 13 December 1250 son of Emperor Henry VI

House of Luxembourg

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Arms
14
Henry VII 1275/1279
-
24 August 1313
1308 29 June 1312 24 August 1313 13th generation descendant of Emperor Louis III

House of Wittelsbach

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Arms
15
Louis IV 1 April 1282
-
11 October 1347
October 1314 17 January 1328 11 October 1347 6th generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III and 7th generation descendant of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Luxembourg

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Arms
16
Charles IV 14 May 1316
-
29 November 1378
11 July 1346/
17 June 1349 re-election
5 April 1355 29 November 1378 grandson of Emperor Henry VII
17
Sigismund 14 February 1368
-
9 December 1437
10 September 1410/
21 July 1411 re-election
31 May 1433 9 December 1437 son of Emperor Charles IV

House of Habsburg

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from an Emperor Arms
18
Frederick III 21 September 1415
-
19 August 1493
1440 19 March 1452 19 August 1493 10th generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III
19
Maximilian I 22 March 1459
-
12 January 1519
16 February 1486 -
[10]
12 January 1519 son of Emperor Frederick III
20
Charles V 24 February 1500
-
21 September 1558
28 June 1519 February 1530 16 January 1556 grandson of Emperor Maximilian I
21
Ferdinand I 10 March 1503
-
25 July 1564
1531 -
[10]
25 July 1564 grandson of Emperor Maximilian I
22
Maximilian II 31 July 1527
-
12 October 1576
November 1562 -
[10]
12 October 1576 son of Emperor Ferdinand I
23
Rudolph II
[11]
18 July 1552
-
20 January 1612
1575 30 June 1575 20 January 1612 son of Emperor Maximilian II
24
Matthias 24 February 1557
-
20 March 1619
1612 23 January 1612 20 March 1619 son of Emperor Maximilian II
25
Ferdinand II 9 July 1578
-
15 February 1637
1618 10 March 1619 15 February 1637 great-grandson of Emperor Ferdinand I
26
Ferdinand III 13 July 1608
-
2 April 1657
1636 18 November 1637 2 April 1657 son of Emperor Ferdinand II
27
Leopold I 9 June 1640
-
5 May 1705
July 1658 6 March 1657 5 May 1705 son of Emperor Ferdinand III
28
Joseph I 26 July 1678
-
17 April 1711
6 January 1690 1 May 1705 17 April 1711 son of Emperor Leopold I
29
Charles VI 1 October 1685
-
20 October 1740
12 October 1711 22 December 1711 20 October 1740 son of Emperor Leopold I

House of Wittelsbach

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from Emperor Arms
30
Charles VII
[10]
6 August 1697
-
20 January 1745
24 January 1742 12 February 1742 20 January 1745 great-great grandson of Emperor Ferdinand II and 12th generation descendant of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

[edit]
# Image Name Life Election Coronation Ceased to be Emperor Descent from an Emperor Arms
31
Francis I 8 December 1708
-
18 August 1765
13 September 1745 -
[10]
18 August 1765 great grandson of Emperor Ferdinand III
32
Joseph II 13 March 1741
-
20 February 1790
after 18 August 1765 19 August 1765 20 February 1790 son of Emperor Francis I and maternal grandson of Emperor Charles VI
33
Leopold II 5 May 1747
-
1 March 1792
after 20 February 1790 -
[10]
1 March 1792 son of Emperor Francis I and maternal grandson of Emperor Charles VI
34
Francis II 12 February 1768
-
2 March 1835
after 1 March 1792 4 March 1792 6 August 1806 son of Emperor Leopold II
  1. ^ The other claimants for the throne in the Year of the Five Emperors were Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, supported by the Syrian and British legions respectively. Although not completely defeated until 197 AD, they were not formally accepted by the senate and were therefore not technically reigning emperors.
  2. ^ Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Leo I". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1206–1207. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  3. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). "Leo II". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1207–1208. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  4. ^ Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Zeno". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2223. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  5. ^ Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Anastasios I". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  6. ^ enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.
  7. ^ enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
  8. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30153-2.
  9. ^ enumerated as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor
  10. ^ a b c d e f Emperor-Elect.
  11. ^ enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.