北
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character
[edit]北 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中一心 (LMP), four-corner 11110, composition ⿲⿱一㇀丨匕(GJKV) or ⿰⿱⿰一丨㇀匕(HT))
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2574
- Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 262, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5317
Further reading
[edit]Chinese
[edit]trad. | 北 | |
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simp. # | 北 | |
alternative forms | 业 𧉥 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 北 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word.
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”).
The sense of “north” is derived from “back (of body)”: “back” → “to turn the back to; to retreat” → “north”.
The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north-south axis, as evident in the fengshui theory and in the orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites. North is the direction the back is oriented to when the person is facing south.
Compare the graphical origin of 南 (OC *nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): be2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): бый (bɨy, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): bet6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): bei2 / bieh4
- Northern Min (KCR): bă̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): báe̤k
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7poq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): be6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: běi
- Wade–Giles: pei3
- Yale: běi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beei
- Palladius: бэй (bɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /peɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, literary variant)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bò
- Wade–Giles: po4
- Yale: bwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: boh
- Palladius: бо (bo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: be2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: be
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɛ²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: бый (bɨy, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pei²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: bak1
- Yale: bāk
- Cantonese Pinyin: bak7
- Guangdong Romanization: beg1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɐk̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: bak2
- Sinological IPA (key): /pak̚⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: bet6
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɛt̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pet
- Hakka Romanization System: bedˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: bed5
- Sinological IPA: /pet̚²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: bei2 / bieh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /pei⁵³/, /piəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bă̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɛ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: báe̤k
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɔyʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- pak - vernacular ("north");
- pok - literary ("defeat").
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 北 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /pei²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /pei²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /pei¹³/ | |
Jinan | /pei²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /pe⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /pei²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /pei²¹/ | |
Xining | /pɨ⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /pia¹³/ /pɛ¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /pə¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /pei²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /pɤ²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /pe³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /pɛ²¹/ | |
Kunming | /pə³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /pəʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /pɐʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /pei⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /pʌʔ¹³/ ~城 /piʌʔ¹³/ ~面面 | |
Hohhot | /piəʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /poʔ⁵/ |
Suzhou | /poʔ⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /poʔ⁵/ | |
Wenzhou | /pai²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /peʔ²¹/ |
Tunxi | /pi⁵/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /pə²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /pæ²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /pɛt̚⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /pet̚¹/ |
Taoyuan | /pet̚²²/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /pɐk̚⁵/ |
Nanning | /pɐk̚⁵⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /pɐk̚⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /pɔk̚³²/ /pak̚³²/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /pɔyʔ²³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /pɛ²⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /pak̚²/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔbak̚⁵/ |
- Middle Chinese: pok
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤək/
- (Zhengzhang): /*pɯːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]北
Coordinate terms
[edit]- (compass points) 方位;
西北 (xīběi) | 北 | 東北/东北 (dōngběi) |
西 (xī) | ![]() |
東/东 (dōng) |
西南 (xīnán) | 南 | 東南/东南 (dōngnán) |
Compounds
[edit]- 三北 (Sānběi)
- 上南落北
- 三戰三北/三战三北
- 乘勝逐北/乘胜逐北
- 代北
- 代馬望北/代马望北
- 佯北
- 冀北
- 分北
- 北七真
- 北上 (běishàng)
- 北上宣言
- 北九州 (Běijiǔzhōu)
- 北也門/北也门 (Běi-Yěmén)
- 北二高 (Běi'èrgāo)
- 北亞美利加/北亚美利加 (Běi yàměilìjiā)
- 北京 (Běijīng)
- 北京之春
- 北京人 (Běijīngrén)
- 北京大學/北京大学
- 北京市
- 北京時間/北京时间 (Běijīng Shíjiān)
- 北京條約/北京条约
- 北京狗 (běijīnggǒu)
- 北京猿人 (Běijīng yuánrén)
- 北京鴨/北京鸭 (běijīngyā)
- 北亳
- 北人 (běirén)
- 北伐 (běifá)
- 北伐戰爭/北伐战争 (Běifá Zhànzhēng)
- 北伐軍/北伐军
- 北使
- 北俱盧洲/北俱卢洲
- 北儂/北侬
- 北內/北内
- 北冕座 (Běimiǎnzuò)
- 北冥
- 北冰洋 (Běibīngyáng)
- 北劇/北剧
- 北匈奴
- 北區/北区 (běiqū)
- 北十 (Běishí)
- 北半球 (běibànqiú)
- 北卷
- 北厝 (Běicuò)
- 北叟
- 北叟失馬/北叟失马
- 北口 (Běikǒu)
- 北口馬/北口马
- 北史 (Běishǐ)
- 北司
- 北向
- 北吳/北吴
- 北君
- 北周 (Běizhōu)
- 北唐
- 北嚮/北向
- 北嚮戶/北向户
- 北回歸線/北回归线 (Běi-Huíguīxiàn)
- 北固
- 北固山
- 北固樓/北固楼
- 北國/北国 (běiguó)
- 北園/北园
- 北土
- 北地
- 北圻 (Běiqí)
- 北坳 (Běi'ào)
- 北垂 (běichuí)
- 北城 (Běichéng)
- 北埔 (Běipǔ)
- 北埔鄉/北埔乡
- 北基 (Běijī)
- 北堂
- 北堂書鈔/北堂书钞
- 北堂萱
- 北塔山 (Běitǎshān)
- 北境
- 北壇/北坛
- 北夢瑣言/北梦琐言
- 北大 (Běidà)
- 北大荒 (Běidàhuāng)
- 北大西洋 (Běi Dàxīyáng)
- 北天極/北天极
- 北夷
- 北奧塞提亞/北奥塞提亚 (Běi Àosètíyà)
- 北奧塞梯/北奥塞梯 (Běi Àosàitī)
- 北學/北学
- 北安市
- 北宋 (Běi Sòng)
- 北宗
- 北宜公路
- 北宗畫法/北宗画法
- 北室
- 北宮/北宫 (Běigōng)
- 北宮子/北宫子
- 北宮黝/北宫黝
- 北宿 (Běisù)
- 北寒帶/北寒带 (Běihándài)
- 北寧鐵路/北宁铁路
- 北寺
- 北寺塔
- 北寺獄/北寺狱
- 北屯 (Běitún)
- 北山 (Běishān)
- 北山志
- 北山文
- 北山移
- 北山移文
- 北山羊 (běishānyáng)
- 北岳 (Běiyuè)
- 北島/北岛 (Běidǎo)
- 北嶺/北岭 (Běilǐng)
- 北嶽/北岳 (Běiyuè)
- 北巖/北岩
- 北州
- 北帝 (Běidì)
- 北平 (Běipíng)
- 北平市
- 北平故宮/北平故宫
- 北府
- 北府兵
- 北庭 (Běitíng)
- 北廊
- 北廷
- 北征
- 北徼
- 北愛爾蘭/北爱尔兰 (Běi-Ài'ěrlán)
- 北戎
- 北戴河 (Běidàihé)
- 北戶/北户
- 北房
- 北所羅門/北所罗门
- 北扉
- 北投 (Běitóu)
- 北拳 (běiquán)
- 北撓/北挠
- 北斗 (Běidǒu)
- 北斗七星 (Běidǒu Qīxīng)
- 北斗星 (Běidǒuxīng)
- 北斗鎮
- 北新 (Běixīn)
- 北方 (běifāng)
- 北方之強/北方之强
- 北方人 (běifāngrén)
- 北方佛教
- 北方大港
- 北方戰爭/北方战争
- 北方話/北方话 (běifānghuà)
- 北曲 (běiqǔ)
- 北曹
- 北朔
- 北望
- 北朝 (Běicháo)
- 北朝鮮/北朝鲜 (Běi Cháoxiǎn)
- 北林 (Běilín)
- 北梁
- 北極/北极 (Běijí)
- 北楚
- 北極光/北极光 (běijíguāng)
- 北極凍原/北极冻原
- 北極圈/北极圈 (Běijíquān)
- 北極地區/北极地区
- 北極星/北极星 (Běijíxīng)
- 北極海/北极海 (Běijíhǎi)
- 北極熊/北极熊 (běijíxióng)
- 北極犬/北极犬
- 北極狐/北极狐 (Běijíhú)
- 北極鋒/北极锋
- 北極鯨/北极鲸
- 北榜
- 北歌
- 北歐/北欧 (Běi-Ōu)
- 北正
- 北殷
- 北毳
- 北江 (Běijiāng)
- 北泉
- 北河 (Běihé)
- 北津
- 北洗
- 北洋 (Běiyáng)
- 北洋大臣
- 北洋海軍/北洋海军
- 北洋航線/北洋航线
- 北洋軍閥/北洋军阀 (Běiyáng Jūnfá)
- 北海 (Běihǎi)
- 北海公園/北海公园
- 北海尊
- 北海岸
- 北海樽
- 北海油礦/北海油矿
- 北海術/北海术
- 北海道 (Běihǎidào)
- 北渚
- 北涼/北凉 (Běiliáng)
- 北游
- 北湖 (Běihú)
- 北港 (Běigǎng)
- 北港鎮/北港镇
- 北溟
- 北溪 (Běixī)
- 北溫帶/北温带 (běiwēndài)
- 北漢/北汉 (Běihàn)
- 北漸/北渐
- 北滿洲/北满洲
- 北澗/北涧
- 北灣/北湾 (Běiwān)
- 北煥/北焕
- 北燕 (Běiyān)
- 北燭/北烛
- 北燭仙人/北烛仙人
- 北牖
- 北狄 (Běidí)
- 北狩 (běishòu)
- 北獅/北狮 (běishī)
- 北珠
- 北瓜 (běiguā)
- 北畤
- 北番
- 北疆 (běijiāng)
- 北發/北发
- 北皿
- 北監/北监
- 北直隸/北直隶
- 北省
- 北碑
- 北碚 (Běibèi)
- 北碑南帖
- 北礵 (Běishuāng)
- 北社
- 北票 (Běipiào)
- 北窗高臥/北窗高卧
- 北竿 (Běigān)
- 北第
- 北管 (běiguǎn)
- 北管戲/北管戏
- 北籟/北籁
- 北紘/北纮
- 北紫
- 北緯/北纬 (běiwěi)
- 北羅酆/北罗酆
- 北美 (Běiměi)
- 北美洲 (Běiměizhōu)
- 北美狼
- 北群空
- 北翟
- 北聲/北声
- 北至
- 北舊縣/北旧县 (Běijiùxiàn)
- 北芒 (Běimáng)
- 北苑 (běiyuàn)
- 北苑妝/北苑妆
- 北苑茶
- 北茭 (Běijiāo)
- 北荒
- 北落
- 北落師門/北落师门 (běiluòshīmén)
- 北葉門/北叶门 (Běi-Yèmén)
- 北蕃
- 北虜/北虏
- 北衙
- 北裔
- 北西廂/北西厢
- 北角 (Běijiǎo)
- 北討/北讨
- 北豆腐
- 北貉
- 北貝/北贝
- 北貨/北货 (běihuò)
- 北走
- 北越 (Běiyuè)
- 北路 (běilù)
- 北路梆子
- 北路魚/北路鱼
- 北軍/北军
- 北轅/北辕
- 北轅適楚/北辕适楚
- 北轅適粵/北辕适粤
- 北轍南轅/北辙南辕
- 北辰 (Běichén)
- 北迴歸線/北回归线 (Běi-Huíguīxiàn)
- 北迴鐵路/北回铁路
- 北道
- 北道主人
- 北運河/北运河
- 北達科他/北达科他 (Běi-Dákētā)
- 北邊/北边 (běibiān)
- 北邙 (Běimáng)
- 北邙山 (Běimángshān)
- 北邙行
- 北邙鄉女/北邙乡女
- 北郊 (Běijiāo)
- 北部 (běibù)
- 北郭
- 北郭先生
- 北郭十友
- 北部地方
- 北都
- 北鄉/北乡
- 北鄙
- 北鄙之聲/北鄙之声
- 北鄙之音
- 北鄰/北邻
- 北酆
- 北里
- 北鎮/北镇 (Běizhèn)
- 北門/北门 (běimén)
- 北門之寄/北门之寄
- 北門之歎/北门之叹
- 北門之管/北门之管
- 北門學士/北门学士
- 北門管鑰/北门管钥
- 北門鎖鑰/北门锁钥
- 北闈/北闱
- 北闕/北阙
- 北阜
- 北阮
- 北陸/北陆
- 北陵
- 北陰/北阴
- 北陲
- 北際/北际
- 北雁
- 北非 (Běifēi)
- 北非諜影/北非谍影
- 北面 (běimiàn)
- 北面官
- 北面稱臣/北面称臣
- 北韓/北韩 (Běihán)
- 北音
- 北韻/北韵
- 北顧/北顾
- 北風/北风 (běifēng)
- 北風之戀/北风之恋
- 北風行/北风行
- 北食
- 北首
- 北馬/北马 (Běimǎ)
- 北魏 (Běiwèi)
- 北齊/北齐 (Běiqí)
- 北齊書/北齐书
- 匹馬北方/匹马北方
- 南來北往/南来北往
- 南北 (nánběi)
- 南北二玄
- 南北人
- 南北卷
- 南北司
- 南北史
- 南北合作
- 南北合套
- 南北和議/南北和议
- 南北套
- 南北學/南北学
- 南北宅
- 南北宗
- 南北戰爭/南北战争 (Nánběi Zhànzhēng)
- 南北曲
- 南北書派/南北书派
- 南北朝 (Nán-Běi Cháo)
- 南北朝體/南北朝体
- 南北極/南北极
- 南北洋
- 南北省
- 南北睽違/南北睽违
- 南北衙
- 南北詞/南北词
- 南北貨/南北货
- 南北路
- 南北軍/南北军
- 南北選/南北选
- 南北郊
- 南去北來/南去北来
- 南天北地
- 南征北伐
- 南征北戰 (nánzhēngběizhàn)
- 南征北討
- 南施北宋
- 南枝北枝
- 南橘北枳 (nánjúběizhǐ)
- 南櫂北轅/南棹北辕
- 南洪北孔
- 南瞿北楊/南瞿北杨
- 南箕北斗
- 南能北秀
- 南腔北調/南腔北调 (nánqiāngběidiào)
- 南航北騎/南航北骑
- 南船北馬/南船北马
- 南艤北駕/南舣北驾
- 南薰北鄙
- 南轅北轍/南辕北辙 (nányuánběizhé)
- 南阮北阮
- 南陳北崔/南陈北崔
- 南陳北李/南陈北李
- 南頓北漸/南顿北渐
- 南鷂北鷹/南鹞北鹰
- 反北
- 口北 (kǒuběi)
- 古北
- 古北口
- 同北廟/同北庙 (Tóngběimiào)
- 吸西北風/吸西北风
- 喝西北風/喝西北风 (hē xīběifēng)
- 嗑西北風/嗑西北风
- 地北天南
- 城北 (Chéngběi)
- 城北徐公
- 塞北 (Sàiběi)
- 塞北江南
- 大北
- 大北勝/大北胜
- 大江南北 (dàjiāngnánběi)
- 大西北 (Dàxīběi)
- 天南地北 (tiānnándìběi)
- 天南海北
- 太山北斗
- 奔北 (bēnběi)
- 奮北/奋北
- 孔北海
- 山北
- 山南海北
- 嶺北/岭北
- 幕北
- 懾北/慑北
- 折北
- 拱北 (Gǒngběi)
- 指北針/指北针 (zhǐběizhēn)
- 指南打北
- 指南攻北
- 挫北
- 摧北
- 撓北/挠北
- 敗北/败北 (bàiběi)
- 新北市
- 易北河 (Yìběi Hé)
- 有北
- 有南北
- 朔北
- 望塵奔北/望尘奔北
- 東北/东北 (dōngběi)
- 松北 (Sōngběi)
- 東北三寶/东北三宝
- 東北九省/东北九省
- 東北亞/东北亚 (Dōngběiyà)
- 東北大鼓/东北大鼓
- 東北平原/东北平原 (Dōngběi Píngyuán)
- 東北方/东北方
- 東北虎/东北虎 (dōngběihǔ)
- 東北角/东北角
- 東北風/东北风 (dōngběifēng)
- 東西南北/东西南北 (dōngxīnánběi)
- 正南八北
- 正南巴北
- 正南靠北
- 每戰皆北/每战皆北
- 水北山人
- 江北 (Jiāngběi)
- 江北縣/江北县
- 江北老
- 河北 (Héběi)
- 河北梆子 (Héběi Bāngzi)
- 河北楊/河北杨
- 泰山北斗 (tàishānběidǒu)
- 洛河北 (Luòhéběi)
- 海北 (Hǎiběi)
- 海北天南
- 淮北 (Huáiběi)
- 港北 (Gǎngběi)
- 湖北 (Húběi)
- 湖北口 (Húběikǒu)
- 湖北口回族鄉/湖北口回族乡 (Húběikǒu Huízú Xiāng)
- 湖北大鼓
- 湖北漁鼓/湖北渔鼓
- 漢北/汉北 (Hànběi)
- 漠北 (Mòběi)
- 燕南趙北/燕南赵北
- 白首北面
- 皖北平原
- 直北
- 眉南面北
- 眾星拱北/众星拱北
- 硯北/砚北
- 磁北極/磁北极
- 磧北/碛北
- 社北
- 窮北/穷北
- 竹北 (Zhúběi)
- 終北/终北
- 罷北/罢北
- 羸北
- 肅北/肃北 (Sùběi)
- 肅北蒙古族自治縣/肃北蒙古族自治县
- 臺北/台北 (Táiběi)
- 臺北大學/台北大学
- 臺北盆地/台北盆地
- 華北/华北 (Huáběi)
- 華北平原/华北平原 (Huáběi Píngyuán)
- 萊綵北堂/莱彩北堂
- 萱萎北堂
- 藏北高原
- 西北 (xīběi)
- 西北季風/西北季风
- 西北雨 (xīběiyǔ)
- 西北風/西北风 (xīběifēng)
- 西北颱/西北台
- 走北
- 走南闖北/走南闯北 (zǒunánchuǎngběi)
- 追亡逐北 (zhuīwángzhúběi)
- 逃北
- 追北
- 退北
- 追奔逐北
- 逐北
- 通南徹北/通南彻北
- 遁北
- 遼北/辽北 (Liáoběi)
- 錢過北斗/钱过北斗
- 閘北/闸北
- 閩北話/闽北话
- 闖南走北/闯南走北
- 降北
- 陝北高原/陕北高原
- 雁北
- 雁南燕北
- 雪北香南
- 青北 (Qīngběi)
- 面北眉南
- 面南背北
- 馬空冀北/马空冀北
- 魁北克 (Kuíběikè)
- 黃門北寺/黄门北寺
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Japanese: 北 (pē, “north wind (mahjong tile)”)
Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bèi
- Wade–Giles: pei4
- Yale: bèi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bey
- Palladius: бэй (bɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /peɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: bui3
- Yale: bui
- Cantonese Pinyin: bui3
- Guangdong Romanization: bui3
- Sinological IPA (key): /puːi̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
[edit]北
- † Original form of 背 (bèi, “back; to betray”).
References
[edit]- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00416
- “Entry #1395”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ほく (hoku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ほく (hoku, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: ぺ (pe)
- Kan’yō-on: ぺい (pei)
- Kun: きた (kita, 北, Jōyō); にげる (nigeru, 北げる)
Compounds
[edit]- 新北 (Shinhoku, “New Taipei”)
- 西北 (seihoku)
- 台北 (Taipei, “Taipei”)
- 東北 (tōhoku, “northeast”), 東北 (Tōhoku)
- 南北 (nanboku, “north and south; north to south”)
- 敗北 (haiboku, “defeat”)
- 北京 (Pekin, “Beijing”)
- 北平 (Pēpin, “Peiping, former name of Beijing”)
- 北条 (Hōjō)
- 北緯 (hokui, “north latitude”)
- 北進 (hokushin)
- 北上 (hokujō, “going north, moving north”)
- 北西 (hokusei, “northwest”)
- 北叟笑む (hokusoemu)
- 北端 (hokutan, “northern extremity”)
- 北天 (hokuten)
- 北斗七星 (Hokuto Shichisei, “the Big Dipper”, literally “northern ladel of seven stars”)
- 北東 (hokutō, “northeast”)
- 北風 (hokufū)
- 北部 (hokubu, “northern part”)
- 北面 (hokumen)
- 北洋 (hokuyō)
- 北陸 (Hokuriku)
- 北海 (hokkai, “northern sea, the North Sea”)
- 北海道 (Hokkaidō)
- 北極 (Hokkyoku, “the North Pole”)
- 北方 (hoppō)
Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
きた Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Attributed to Old Japanese,[1] although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phonetic man'yōgana.
Ultimate derivation unknown.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- north (cardinal point)
- 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 9, poem 412)
- 北へ行く雁ぞ鳴くなるつれてこし数はたらでぞかへるべらなる
- kita e yuku kari zo nakunaru tsurete koshi kazu wa tarade zo kaeruberanaru
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- 北へ行く雁ぞ鳴くなるつれてこし数はたらでぞかへるべらなる
- Antonym: 南 (minami)
- 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 9, poem 412)
- the North (northern part of a region)
- a northerly, north wind
- Short for 北の方 (kita no kata): northward
- a developed country
- from the many countries in the Northern Hemisphere are considered developed
Coordinate terms
[edit]- (compass points) 方角 (hōgaku);
北西 (hokusei) 西北 (seihoku) |
北 (kita) | 北東 (hokutō) 東北 (tōhoku) |
西 (nishi) | ![]() |
東 (higashi) |
西南 (seinan) 南西 (nansei) |
南 (minami) | 東南 (tōnan) 南東 (nantō) |
Derived terms
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]- Kita (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)
- (historical) the red-light district north of Edo Castle
- a surname
- a female given name
Verb
[edit]北する • (kita suru) suru (stem 北し (kita shi), past 北した (kita shita))
- to go northwards
- Synonym: 北進する (hokushin suru)
Conjugation
[edit]Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 北し | きたし | kita shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 北し | きたし | kita shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 北する | きたする | kita suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 北する | きたする | kita suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 北すれ | きたすれ | kita sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 北せよ¹ 北しろ² |
きたせよ¹ きたしろ² |
kita seyo¹ kita shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 北される | きたされる | kita sareru | |
Causative | 北させる 北さす |
きたさせる きたさす |
kita saseru kita sasu | |
Potential | 北できる | きたできる | kita dekiru | |
Volitional | 北しよう | きたしよう | kita shiyō | |
Negative | 北しない | きたしない | kita shinai | |
Negative continuative | 北せず | きたせず | kita sezu | |
Formal | 北します | きたします | kita shimasu | |
Perfective | 北した | きたした | kita shita | |
Conjunctive | 北して | きたして | kita shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 北すれば | きたすれば | kita sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
ペー Grade: 2 |
irregular |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (mahjong) north wind (mahjong tile)
- Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
- (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of north wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
- Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
Coordinate terms
[edit]- 風牌 (kazehai, “wind tiles”): 東 (ton, “east wind”), 南 (nan, “south wind”), 西 (shā, “west wind”), 北 (pē, “north wind”)
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
はい Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 北 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 北, is a variant kanji form of the above term.) |
References
[edit]- ^ “北”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Chinese 北 (MC pok).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 븍〮 (Yale: púk) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 뒤〮 (Yale: twúy) | 븍〮 (Yale: púk) |
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 븍녁 (Yale: puknyek) 뒤 (Yale: twuy) |
븍 (Yale: puk) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [puk̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [북]
Hanja
[edit]北 (eumhun 북녘 북 (bungnyeok buk))
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle Chinese 北 (MC bwojH).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄈᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: ppóy) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pɛ] ~ [pe̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [배/베]
Hanja
[edit]北 (eumhun 달아날 배 (daranal bae))
Compounds
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Hanja in this term |
---|
北 |
- (in headlines) Short for 北韓 (Bukhan, “(South Korea) North Korea”).
Usage notes
[edit]A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.
See also
[edit]- 한 (韓, Han, “(South Korea) South Korea”)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Okinawan
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
にし Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, “west”).
Noun
[edit]北 (nishi)
Derived terms
[edit]- 北風 (nishikaji, “north wind”)
References
[edit]- “ニシ” in Haisai Okinawan Dialect.
- “にし【北】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
- “ニシ(にし)” in Okinawan Dialect Dictionary - Ajima.
- “にし” in Okinawan Dictionary - KozaWeb.
Old Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Unknown.
Noun
[edit]北 (KITA)
- north
- 711–712, Kojiki:
- 御陵在畝火山之北方白檮尾上也。
- There was a ridge at the imperial tomb. North of Pi₂yama, a white taowu's tail is at the top.
- 720, Nihon Shoki:
- 今在海北道中 [...]
- Now, in the northern road of the sea [...]
Southern Amami Ōshima
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
にし Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, “west”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]北 (nisi)
References
[edit]- “にし【北】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Tày
[edit]Noun
[edit]北 (bắc)
- Nôm form of bắc (“north”).
- 佷東北丑寅㐌聀
- Cần đông bắc, sửu dần đạ chắc
- People from everywhere and everywhen knows it all
- Nôm form of bắc (“net”).
- 付許娘㓜北𫠯撰
- Phó hẩư nàng au bắc lồng sỏn
- Hand it over to the lady to bring the net down there and scoop
- Nôm form of bắc (“step”).
- 芮𱒢真敯荣拾北
- Rườn vỉ chăn hôn giùng síp bắc
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Verb
[edit]北 (pắc)
References
[edit]- Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày][4] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]北: Hán Nôm readings: bắc, bác, bấc, bậc, bước
Zhuang
[edit]Noun
[edit]北
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- Southern Amami Ōshima terms spelled with 北 read as にし
- Southern Amami Ōshima terms read with kun'yomi
- Southern Amami Ōshima kanji
- Southern Amami Ōshima second grade kanji
- Southern Amami Ōshima kyōiku kanji
- Southern Amami Ōshima jōyō kanji
- Southern Amami Ōshima kanji with kun reading にし
- Southern Amami Ōshima terms with IPA pronunciation
- Southern Amami Ōshima lemmas
- Southern Amami Ōshima nouns
- Southern Amami Ōshima terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Southern Amami Ōshima terms with 1 kanji
- Southern Amami Ōshima terms spelled with 北
- Southern Amami Ōshima single-kanji terms
- ams:Compass points
- Tày lemmas
- Tày nouns
- Tày Nôm forms
- Tày terms with usage examples
- Tày verbs
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- Zhuang lemmas
- Zhuang nouns
- Zhuang Sawndip forms