Tria regna Sinarum
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Tria Regna (Mandarinice 三國時代; pinyin Sānguó Shídài) ab anno 220 ad annum 280 fuit tripartita terrarum Sinarum divisio inter civitates Wei, Shu, et Wu.[1] Quod aevum domu Han exeunte coepit, et domum Jin (265–420) antecessit. Praeterea, locutio tria regna aliquantulum falsa est, quia quaeque civitas non a rege, sed ab imperatore ad ultimum ducebatur, a capite civitatis qui superioritatem supra omnem Sinam vindicabat.[2] Nihilominus, nomen tria regna (Anglice Three Kingdoms) inter sinologos angloloquentis solitum factum est. Historici, ad tria regna ab aliis civitatibus Sinicis eiusdem nominum distinguenda, litteram appositam primo civitatis nomini addere solent, ut civitas quae se Wei (魏) appellabat etiam Cao Wei (Mandarinice 曹魏) appelletur,[3][4] civitas quae se Han (漢) appellabat etiam Shu Han (蜀漢) vel tantum Shu (蜀) appelletur, et civitas quae se Wu (吳) appellabat etiam Wu Orientale (東吳) vel Sun Wu (孫吳) appelletur.
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Aevum trium regnorum in litteris academicis tempus attingit inter civitatem Wei anno 220 conditam et civitatem Wu orientalem a domu Jin anno 280 victam. Prima enormisque aevi pars ab anno 184 ad annum 220, ab adversitate confusa inter dominos belli in variis Sinarum regionibus distinguebatur. Media pars, ab anno 220 ad annum 263, a stabilioribus collocationibus militaribus inter tris civitates competitores (Wei, Shu, Wu) distinguebatur. Ultima pars a Shu a Wei victo (263), usurpatione Wei a domu Jin (266), et Wu a Jin victo (280) distinguebatur.
Tempus trium regnorum est unum ex sanguinissimis in historia Sinarum. Census nationalis anno 280 factus, tribus regnis sub Jin iterum coniunctis, rettulit familias 2 459 840 et homines16 163 863, quod parva erat pars familiarum 10 677 960 et hominum 56 486 856 per aevum Han relata.[5] Quamquam census fortasse non exactissimus esset, domus Jin anno 280 omnes homines cum fieri posset numerare conata est.[6]
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Technologia hoc tempore magnopere progrediebatur. Zhuge Liang, cancellarius Shu, instrumentum bovem ligneum appellatam excogitavit,[7] fortasse primum pabonis genus,[8] et meliorem fecit arcum transversum iterantem.[9] Ma Jun, ingeniarius mechanicus civitatis Wei, a multis aequus Zhang Heng decessoris habitus,[10] mechanicum atque ab aqua motum neuroaspastorum theatrum imperatori Ming ex Wei dicatum aliasque res excogitavit.
Hoc tempus historicum, quamquam breve, in culturis Sina, Iaponia, Corea, Vietnamiaque magnopere tractatum est, nostalgiae causa, celebratum in operibus musicis, fabulis vulgaribus, fabulis brevibus, mythistoriis, et temporibus recentioribus in pelliculis, televisione, ludisque televisificis, quarum rerum notissima est Historia Trium Regnorum (Mandarinice 三国演义), mythistoria historica saeculi quarti decimi, quae Luo Guanzhong tribuitur atque in rebus aevi trium regnorum condita est.[11] Gravissimum huius temporis monumentum certum in litteras relatum est Monumenta trium regnorum auctoris Chen Shou, cum annotationibus textualibus a Pei Songzhi additis.
Nexus interni
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ Theobald 2000.
- ↑ Tanner 2009: 141–142.
- ↑ Ward 2008: 15.
- ↑ San 2014: 145.
- ↑ Cosmo 2009.
- ↑ Hans Bielenstein. Chinese historical demography A.D. 2-1982 (Östasiatiska museet), p 17.
- ↑ Tseng, Jane (20 Ianuarii 2015). This Man Is Riding a Masterpiece Like Zhuge Liang's on the Street!. . The Vision Times
- ↑ Breverton, Terry (2013). Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions (Unabridged ed.). Quercus. ISBN 978-1623652340
- ↑ Szczepanski, Kallie. The Invention of the Crossbow. . About.com
- ↑ Hong-Sen Yan (2007). Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery (Editio interretialis ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 129. ISBN 978-1402064609.
- ↑ Romance of the Three Kingdoms: China's Greatest Epic 三國志演義. . Yellow Bridge.
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Bielenstein, Hans. 1947. "The Census of China during the Period 2–742 A.D." Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 19: 125–63.
- Chaussende, Damien 2010. Des trois royaumes aux Jin: Légitimation du pouvoir impérial en Chine au iiie siècle. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres, coll. «Histoire.»
- Cheng, Anne. (1997) 2002. Histoire de la pensée chinoise. Ed. secunda. Lutetiae: Éditions du Seuil, coll. «Points Essais.»
- Cosmo, Nicola Di, ed. 2009. Military Culture in Imperial China. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674031091, ISBN 978-0674031098.
- de Crespigny, Rafe. 1991. "The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD." East Asian History 1 (1):/ [ http://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/01/EAH01_01.pdf PDF.]
- de Crespigny, Rafe. 2007. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Brill.
- Eikenberry, Karl W. 1994. "The campaigns of Cao Cao." Military Review 74 (8): 56–64.
- Ge Jianxiong, 中国人口史. 2002. History of the Population of China. Vol. 1. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, ISBN 7-309-03520-8.
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265. University of Washington, draft annotated English translation.
- San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elemental History. The Other Press. ISBN 978-9839541885.
- Sima, Guang. 1952. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (220-265). Capitula 69–78 ex Tz*U Chih T'ung Chien. Liber conversus ab Achilles Fang, Glen William Baxter, et Bernard S. Solomon. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
- Taylor, Jay. 1983. The Birth of the Vietnamese. Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
- The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780521855587
- Tanner, Harold Miles. 2009. China: A History. Indianapoli: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0872209152.
- Theobald, Ulrich. 2000. Chinese History: Three Kingdoms 三國 (220–280). Editio interretialis. Chinaknowledge.
- Ward, Jean Elizabeth. 2008. The Times of Lady Dai. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781435732308.
- Watt, James C. Y., ed. 2004. China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD. Novi Eborai, Portu Novo, Londinii: Metropolitan Museum of Art et Yale University Press.
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui. 2009. Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810860537.
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]![]() |
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Tria Regna spectant. |
- Dux lectionis "Trium Regnorum.
- Scripta doctoris Rafe de Crespign: editio interretialis. Australian National University.