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Pseudogene

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An illustration of the mutations that can cause pseudogenes. The human sequence is of a pseudogene in the olfactory gene family. The chimpanzee sequence is the functional ortholog. Key differences are highlighted

Pseudogenes are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein.[1] The term was coined in 1977.[2]

Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional.[3] It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role.

Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes).[4]

Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome,[5] so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years.

References

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  1. Vanin EF (1985). "Processed pseudogenes: characteristics and evolution". Annu. Rev. Genet. 19: 253–72. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001345. PMID 3909943.
  2. Jacq C; Miller J.R. Brownlee G.G. (September 1977). "A pseudogene structure in 5S DNA of Xenopus laevis". Cell. 12 (1): 109–20. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90189-1. PMID 561661. S2CID 25965491.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Poliseno L (2010). "A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology". Nature. 465 (7301): 1033–1038. Bibcode:2010Natur.465.1033P. doi:10.1038/nature09144. PMC 3206313. PMID 20577206.
  4. Herron, Jon C; Freeman, Scott (2007). Evolutionary analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: 4th ed, Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-227584-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) [1]
  5. Zheng D. et al 2007. Pseudogenes in the ENCODE regions: Consensus annotation, analysis of transcription, and evolution. Genome Res. 17 (6): 839–51. [2]