Ubakaji
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Ubakaji (kutoka mzizi wa Kiarabu) ni tendo la kumlazimisha mtu afanyiwe asichokubali. Mara nyingi neno hili linatumika kuhusu ngono isiyo ya hiari upande mmojawapo.
Ingawa kwa kawaida unafanyika dhidi ya wanawake, unatokea pia dhidi ya wanaume, mbali ya watoto na walemavu wa akili wasioelewa kinachoendelea[1].
Unaweza kutumia nguvu ya mwili, lakini pia mamlaka, vitisho n.k.
Ni tukio baya kabisa kwa nafsi ya mhanga na pengine kwa afya yake, linaloweza kumuathiri maisha yake yote kama si kusababisha kifo chake, hasa ukifanywa na watu kadhaa pamoja.
Matukio ya namna hiyo yanazidi kutokea hata ndani ya ukoo na mengi hayaripotiwi kwa polisi, yakiwemo yanayotokea magerezani kati ya watu wa jinsia ileile.
Kwa vyovyote, mara nyingi wanaobaka ni watu wanaojulikana sana na mhanga.
Pengine ubakaji hautokani na tamaa, bali ni mpango uliosukwa na viongozi wa nchi au wa jeshi wanaouagiza kwa lengo la kuathiri maadui. Lakini hata vitani, sheria za kimataifa haziruhusu matendo hayo ya kinyama.
Kesi tofauti tena ni ile ya ushirikina unaoagiza k.mf. kubaka mtoto kama njia ya kupona UKIMWI.
Tanbihi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Marejeo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Bergen, Raquel Kennedy (1996). Wife rape: understanding the response of survivors and service providers. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-7240-7.
- Denov, Myriam S. (2004). Perspectives on female sex offending: a culture of denial. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-3565-9.
- Freedman, Estelle B. (2013). Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Groth, Nicholas A. (1979). Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender. New York, NY: Plenum Press. uk. 227. ISBN 978-0-7382-0624-0.
- Pierce, Karen F.; Deacy, Susan; Arafat, K. W. (2002). Rape in antiquity. London: The Classical Press of Wales in association with Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3147-0.
- King, Michael B.; Mezey, Gillian C. (2000). Male victims of sexual assault. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262932-6.
- Lee, Ellis (1989). Theories of Rape: Inquiries Into the Causes of Rape. Taylor & Francis. uk. 185. ISBN 978-0-89116-172-1.
- Marnie E. Rice; Lalumiere, Martin L.; Vernon L. Quinsey (2005). The Causes of Rape: Understanding Individual Differences in Male Propensity for Sexual Aggression (The Law and Public Policy.). American Psychological Association (APA). ISBN 978-1-59147-186-8.
- McKibbin W.F.; Shackelford T.K.; Goetz A.T.; Starratt V.G. (2008). "Why do men rape? An evolutionary psychological perspective" (PDF). Review of General Psychology. 12: 86–97. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.12.1.86.
- Palmer, Craig; Thornhill, Randy (2000). A natural history of rape biological bases of sexual coercion. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-585-08200-4.
- Shapcott, David (1988). The Face of the Rapist. Auckland, NZ: Penguin Books. uk. 234. ISBN 978-0-14-009335-3.
- Smith, Merril D. (2004). Encyclopedia of Rape. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32687-5.
Viungo vya nje[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Indian Penal Code S.375 & S.376 Archived 8 Novemba 2016 at the Wayback Machine. (Mobile Friendly)
- Ubakaji katika Open Directory Project
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