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Markarian 231

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Markarian 231
Hubble Space Telescope image of Markarian 231
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationUrsa Major
Right ascension12h 56m 14.23410s[1]
Declination+56° 52′ 25.2386″[1]
Redshift0.04147[2]
Heliocentric radial velocity12173 km/s[2]
Distance581 Mly, 178 Mpc
Apparent magnitude (V)13.84[3]
Characteristics
TypeSc/quasar
Other designations
UGC 8058, Mrk 231, Mkn 231, Markarian 231, MCG+10-19-004, ZW VII 490, PGC 44117

Markarian 231 (UGC 8058) is a Type-1 Seyfert galaxy that was discovered in 1969 as part of a search of galaxies with strong ultraviolet radiation. It contains the nearest known quasar.[4] Markarian 231 is located about 581 million light years away from Earth, in the constellation of Ursa Major.

Characteristics

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Markarian 231 is undergoing an energetic starburst. A nuclear ring of active star formation has been found in the center with a rate of formation greater than 100 solar masses per year. It is one of the most ultraluminous infrared galaxies with power derived from an accreting black hole in the center and the closest known quasar. From X-ray data, the energy released from the black hole in Markarian 231, produces ultra-fast outflows with a velocity of -20,000 km s-1.[5]

The galaxy also contains a curved radio jet interacting with the interstellar medium. A further study finds its position angle switches to -172○ when reaching a projected distance of 25 pc.[6] Using observations from Very Long Baseline Array, a triple radio source in Markarian 231 is found.[7]

A study in 2015 suggested that the central black hole, estimated to be 150 million times the mass of the Sun, may have a black hole companion weighing in at 4 million solar masses, and that the duo completed an orbit around each other every 1.2 years.[8] However, that model has subsequently been shown to be unfeasible.[9]

Another study has found evidence for the presence of molecular oxygen (O2) by using submillimetre astronomy, the first time molecular oxygen had been detected outside of the Milky Way galaxy.[10] It was also observed with Herschel, which the galaxy shows water vapor in its emission.[11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. ^ a b "Markarian 231". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  3. ^ Véron-Cetty, M.-P.; Véron, P. (2010). "A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 518 (13th ed.): A10. Bibcode:2010A&A...518A..10V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014188.
  4. ^ Veilleux, S.; Meléndez, M.; Tripp, T. M.; Hamann, F.; Rupke, D. S. N. (2016-06-27). "THE COMPLETE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM OF THE ARCHETYPAL "WIND-DOMINATED" QUASAR MRK 231: ABSORPTION AND EMISSION FROM A HIGH-SPEED DUSTY NUCLEAR OUTFLOW". The Astrophysical Journal. 825 (1): 42. arXiv:1605.00665. Bibcode:2016ApJ...825...42V. doi:10.3847/0004-637x/825/1/42. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ^ Feruglio, C.; Fiore, F.; Carniani, S.; Piconcelli, E.; Zappacosta, L.; Bongiorno, A.; Cicone, C.; Maiolino, R.; Marconi, A.; Menci, N.; Puccetti, S.; Veilleux, S. (2015-11-01). "The multi-phase winds of Markarian 231: from the hot, nuclear, ultra-fast wind to the galaxy-scale, molecular outflow". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 583: A99. arXiv:1503.01481. Bibcode:2015A&A...583A..99F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526020. ISSN 0004-6361.
  6. ^ Wang, Ailing; An, Tao; Jaiswal, Sumit; Mohan, Prashanth; Wang, Yuchan; Baan, Willem A.; Zhang, Yingkang; Yang, Xiaolong (2021-07-01). "The obstructed jet in Mrk 231". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 504 (3): 3823–3830. arXiv:2102.12644. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.504.3823W. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab587. ISSN 0035-8711.
  7. ^ Silpa, S; Kharb, P; O’Dea, C P; Baum, S A; Sebastian, B; Mukherjee, D; Harrison, C M (2021-07-23). "AGN jets and winds in polarized light: the case of Mrk 231". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 507 (2): 2550–2561. arXiv:2107.09466. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2110. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. ^ "HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Hubble Finds That the Nearest Quasar Is Powered by a Double Black Hole (08/27/2015) - The Full Story". hubblesite.org. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
  9. ^ Leighly, Karen M.; Terndrup, Donald M.; Gallagher, Sarah C.; Lucy, Adrian B. (2016). "The Binary Black Hole Model for Mrk 231 Bites the Dust". The Astrophysical Journal. 829 (1): 4. arXiv:1604.03456. Bibcode:2016ApJ...829....4L. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/4. S2CID 118365669.
  10. ^ Wang, Junzhi; Li, Di; Goldsmith, Paul F.; Zhang, Zhi-Yu; Gao, Yu; Shi, Yong; Li, Shanghuo; Fang, Min; Li, Juan; Zhang, Jiangshui (30 January 2020). "Molecular Oxygen in the Nearest QSO Mrk 231". The Astrophysical Journal. 889 (2): 129. arXiv:2001.11675. Bibcode:2020ApJ...889..129W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab612d. S2CID 211003952.
  11. ^ González-Alfonso, E.; Fischer, J.; Isaak, K.; Rykala, A.; Savini, G.; Spaans, M.; Werf, P. van der; Meijerink, R.; Israel, F. P.; Loenen, A. F.; Vlahakis, C.; Smith, H. A.; Charmandaris, V.; Aalto, S.; Henkel, C. (2010-07-01). "Herschel observations of water vapour in Markarian 231". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518: L43. arXiv:1005.3642. Bibcode:2010A&A...518L..43G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014664. ISSN 0004-6361.
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