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Han Xin code

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Han Xin Code version 22

Han Xin code (汉信码 in Chinese, Chinese-sensible code) is two-dimensional (2D) matrix barcode symbology invented in 2007[1] by Chinese company The Article Numbering Center of China[2] (中国物品编码中心 in Chinese) to break monopoly of QR code. As QR code, Han Xin code consists of black squares and white square spaces arranged in a square grid on a white background. It has four finder patterns and other markers which allow to recognize it with camera-based readers. Han Xin code contains Reed–Solomon error correction with ability to read corrupted images. At this time, it is issued as ISO/IEC 20830:2021.[3]

The main advantage (and invention requirement), comparable to QR code, is an embedded ability to natively encode Chinese characters instead of Japanese in QR code. Han Xin code in maximal 84 version (189×189 size)[4] allows to encode 7827 numeric characters, 4350 English text characters, 3261 bytes and 1044–2174 Chinese characters (it depends on Unicode region). Han Xin code encodes full ISO/IEC 646 Latin characters instead of restricted amount Latin characters which is supported by QR code. It makes Han Xin code more suitable for English text encoding or GS1 Application Identifiers[5] data encoding.

Additionally, Han Xin code can encode Unicode characters from other languages with special Unicode mode,[3]: 5.4.12  which has embedded lossless compression for UTF-8 characters set and Extended Channel Interpretation support. Han Xin code has special compactification mode for URI encoding and can reduce barcode size which encodes links to web pages.

History and standards

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Chinese company The Article Numbering Center of China (中国物品编码中心 in Chinese) during 10-th Five-year plans of China started research[6] of own QR code replacement to remove Japanese monopoly in 2D barcodes. In 2007, the new barcodes standard, at this time known as Han Xin code, published as GB/T 21049-2007[1] with the name Chinese-sensible code.

In 2011,[7] USA company Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility (AIM) brought out ISS Han Xin Code symbology as official encoding standard and published it in the own store.[8]

In 2015, group of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 started implementation[9] of Han Xin code as international standard and published it as ISO/IEC 20830:2021[3] in 2021.

In 2022 Chinese-sensible code standard was reviewed as GB/T 21049-2022[10] and renamed as Han Xin code to be compliant with ISO standard.

Set of patents is registered in United States Patent and Trademark Office related with Han Xin code encoding and decoding:

  • European Patent Office EP3330887B1 by Fujian Landi Commercial Equipment Co Ltd "Chinese-sensitive code feature pattern detection method and system"[11]
  • United States Patent US10095903B2 by Ingenico Fujian Technology Co Ltd "Block decoding method and system for two-dimensional code"[12]
  • United States Patent US10528781B2 by Ingenico Fujian Technology Co Ltd "Detection method and system for characteristic patterns of Han Xin codes"[13]

Application

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Han Xin code can be used in the same way as QR code. At this time Han Xin code is used mostly in China,[14] because it has embedded encoding ability to encode Chinese characters. However, most of barcode printers[15] and barcode scanners[16] support Han Xin code. Han Xin code can be scanned on iOS[17] and Android[18] mobile devices and many barcode libraries[19][20] support reading and writing Han Xin code.

Main advantages of Han Xin code are:

  • ability to encode Chinese characters with embedded methods;[21]
  • Extended Channel Interpretation support;
  • embedded method for compact UTF-8 encoding with embedded lossless compression;
  • embedded method for URI compact encoding;
  • compact GS1 Application Identifiers data encoding comparable to QR code;
  • full ISO/IEC 646 support for compact numeric and text encoding.

Barcode design

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Barcode structure of Han Xin Code

Han Xin code represents data in black and white square modules, where dark module is a binary one and a light module is a zero. Additionally, Han Xin code can be encoded in inverse colors,[3]: 4.1.2  but this option in many barcode readers is disabled by default. Black and white modules are arranged into square region with sizes from 23 × 23 modules (Version 1) to 189 × 189 modules (Version 84). As QR code, Han Xin code does not have rectangular versions like DataMatrix has and this restricts usage of Han Xin code in some cases. Han Xin code version size can be calculated with the following formula:

Han Xin code symbol is constructed from the following elements:[3]: 4.2 

  • Quiet Zone – is surrounding the symbol on all four sides with at least 3X size;
  • Finder Pattern – consists from 4 Position Detection Patterns which is placed on all four corners of symbol and used to detect symbol position and area;
  • Alignment Patterns and Assistant Alignment Patterns – is started from Version 4 and helps with the decoding of distorted code;
  • Structural Information Regions – is surrounding all four Finder Patterns and used to encode symbol parameters like version, mask and error correction mode;
  • Data Regions – masked binary data encoded in black and white modules.

Finder pattern

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Han Xin Code finder pattern

Finder Pattern[3]: 4.2.3  consists from four Position Detection Patterns located at the four corners of the barcode. The size of Position Detection Pattern is 7×7 modules and it is constructed from 5 elements: dark 7 × 7 modules, light 6 × 6 modules, dark 5 × 5 modules, light 4 × 4 modules, dark 3 × 3 modules respectively.

The scanning ratio of each Position Detection Pattern is 1:1:1:1:3 or 3:1:1:1:1 (depends on scanning direction). The four patterns orientation allows to detect unambiguously the barcode location and orientation.

Every pattern has Position Detection Pattern separator[3]: 4.2.4  with Structural Information Region aligned to it.

Alignment pattern

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The Alignment Patterns[3]: 4.2.5  are added to the Han Xin code from Version 4 (Versions 1–3 do not have alignment patterns) and used to precise cell position in the distorted barcodes. Alignment Patterns in Han Xin code are split into:

  • Alignment Pattern – set of step-wise alignment lines;
  • Assistant Alignment Pattern - 6 modules, including 5 light modules and 1 dark module.

The Alignment Pattern is made up of a dark line and a downside adjacent light line which are one module wide. Assistant Alignment Pattern consisting from 5 light modules and 1 dark module indicates edge of region block with its dark module.

Below you can see examples of Han Xin code with different Alignment pattern placement.

Structural information

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Structural information placement of Han Xin Code

Han Xin code Structural Information Region[3]: 4.2.7  is a one module wide region surrounding the four Position Detection Patterns. Han Xin code has two Structural Information identical arrays, which are made from 34 data modules. Every Structural Information array is split on 17 modules which are placed around each Position Detection Pattern.

Structural Information Region encodes the following data:[3]: Annex E 

  • Version + 20 (bits 0–7);
  • Error correction level (bits 8–9);
  • Mask index (bits 10–11);
  • Error correction Reed–Solomon error correction data (bits 12–27);
  • Bits 28–33 are ignored and can be any (sometimes they can be filled with white, black sequence).

Metadata bits from 0–11 are split into 4 bits tetrads(m2, m1, m0) and supplemented with four error correction tetrads (r3, r2, r1, r0).

Han Xin Code Structural information bits
Version + 20 Error correction level Mask index Error correction codewords
m2 m1 m0 r3 r2 r1 r0
X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 X19 X20 X21 X22 X23 X24 X25 X26 X27

Data masking

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To make Han Xin code dark and light modules amount to be closely to 1:1 in the symbol, masking algorithm[3]: 5.8.4  is used. Masking sequence is applied to Data Region through the XOR operation. Finder Pattern, Alignment Patterns and Structural Information Regions are excluded from masking operation. The following table shows mask pattern algorithms (which is placed to Structural Information Region).

Han Xin Code masking pattern algorithm
Condition of masking solution Data mask pattern reference
Non-masking 00
(i+j) mod 2=0 01
((i+j)mod 3+( j mod 3)) mod 2=0 10
(i mod j +j mod i + i mod 3+ j mod 3) mod 2=0 11

i - Row index of the symbol.
j - Column index of the symbol.
Both i and j start from (1,1), the top left corner module of the symbol. When the masking solution condition is true, the resulting mask bit is 1.

Error correction

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Han Xin code uses Reed–Solomon error correction. Encoded data is represented as byte (8-bit) array. Data array divided into blocks[3]: Annex B  and error correction codewords sequence is generated for each block which is added to the end of the error correction block. After this, all blocks are merged sequentially into byte stream.

The polynomial arithmetic for Han Xin Code uses finite field generation polynomial: x^8 + x^6 + x^5 + x (355 or 101100011b)[3]: 5.5  with initial root = 1.

The amount of error correction codewords depends on symbol version and error correction level and can be from 16% to 60%, which allows to correct from 8% to 30% damage.[3]: 5.6.2 

Han Xin Code error correction levels features
Error correction level Recovery capacity % (approximation) Encoding of error correction level
L1 8% 00
L2 15% 01
L3 23% 10
L4 30% 11

Data region

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Han Xin code data is encoded as byte array. Data byte array is split into error correction blocks, where error correction codewords (bytes) are added. Error correction blocks are united into one codewords array:[3]: 5.8.3 

(Encoded byte array) => (Error correction block 1) + ... + (Error correction block N) => (Codewords array)

As an example, this can be demonstrated on Han Xin code version 5 with error correction level L4. It has 27 encoded codewords and 2 error correction blocks with each block size of data codewords and error correction codewords: (14, 20), (13, 22):

(D1...D14, D15...D27) => (D1...D14, E1.1...1.20) + (D15...D27, E2.1...2.22) => (D1...D14, E1.1...1.20, D15...D27, E2.1...2.22) => (C1...C69)
D(x) - Data codewords.
E(b.x) - error codeword, where b is block number and x position in block.
C(x) - resulted codewords.

As the next operation, resulted codewords array C(x) is split into blocks with size of 13 bytes which connects codewords in the same position of each block and form new codewords array. The result is byte array of the same size but mixed by position of 13.

(С1...С13, С14...С26, Сn...Cn+12) => (С1, C14, Cn...С13, С26, Cn+12) => (CM1...CMn+12)
CM(x) – mixed by position of 13 array of codewords (bytes).

After the upper operations the resulted codewords are placed into data region row by row from left to right and from up to down. Horizontal line damage would affect fewer codewords, vertical line damage would affect more codewords.

Encoding

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Han Xin code can encode 7827 numeric characters, 4350 English text characters, 3261 bytes and 1044–2174 Chinese characters in the maximal version 84 version.[3]: Annex C  Additionally, it supports special Unicode and industrial modes. All modes can be mixed to obtain best compactification level for the data. The following table demonstrates abilities to encode data with different barcode version and error correction level.

Han Xin Code versions and information capacity
Version Size Error correction level Data codewords Error correction codewords Numeric Text Bytes Chinese characters
1 23×23 L1 21 4 45 26 18 6–12
L4 9 16 15 10 6 2–4
...
22 65×65 L1 354 68 843 470 351 113–234
L4 168 254 399 222 165 53–110
...
84 189×189 L1 3264 622 7827 4350 3261 1044–2174
L4 1554 2332 3723 2070 1551 497–1034

Encoding modes

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All encoding modes can be split into the following groups:[3]: 5.3.1 

  • Numeric mode which includes digits encoding: 0–9;
  • Text mode which supports full ISO/IEC 646 characters set;
  • Binary (Byte) mode which encodes bytes values 0–255;
  • Chinese Characters modes which encodes 1587600 different Chinese characters from GB 18030 codepage in 4 modes;
  • Unicode encoding with Extended Channel Interpretation(ECI) mode;
  • Unicode with Unicode adaptive mode which encodes UTF-8 encoding with embedded lossless compression;
  • GS1 mode which encodes GS1 Application Identifiers[5] data;
  • URI mode which encodes URI links in compact encoding.
Han Xin Code mode characteristics
Mode Mode indicators Bits per character
Numeric 0001b 3.3 (10 bits for three digits)
Text 0010b 6
Binary Byte 0011b 8
Common Chinese Characters in Region One 0100b 12
Common Chinese Characters in Region Two 0101b 12
GB18030 2-byte Region 0110b 15
GB18030 4-byte Region 0111b 21
ECI 1000b Variable (multi-bytes mode)
Unicode 1001b Adaptive (lossless compression)
GS1 11100001b Variable (Numeric + Text modes)
URI 11100010b Variable (2–7 bits per character)

Numeric mode

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The input data string in Numeric mode[3]: 5.4.4  is divided into blocks of three digits (the last block can be less than three) and encoded in 10 bits (0000000000b - 1111100111b). The mode data is prefixed with mode indicator 0001b and terminates with mode terminator which also indicates number of digits in last group.

Han Xin Code numeric mode terminators
Numeric characters in last group Mode terminator
1 1111111101b
2 1111111110b
3 1111111111b

As an example, we need to encode digits sequence 12700402:
Prefix => 0001b
127 => 0001111111
004 => 0000000100
02 => 0000000010
Terminator => 1111111110b

Text mode

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Text mode encodes data characters set from ISO/IEC 646. Each character is represented by 6 bits.[3]: 5.4.5  All characters are divided into two subsets: Text1 sub-mode and Text2 sub-mode. 11110b value is used to switch between text sub-modes, 111111b is a mode terminator. Text mode starts from Text1 sub-mode.

Han Xin Code Text1 sub-mode
Character ASCII value Encoding value Character ASCII value Encoding value Character ASCII value Encoding value
0 48 000000b L 76 010101b g 103 101010b
1 49 000001b M 77 010110b h 104 101011b
2 50 000010b N 78 010111b i 105 101100b
3 51 000011b O 79 011000b j 106 101101b
4 52 000100b P 80 011001b k 107 101110b
5 53 000101b Q 81 011010b l 108 101111b
6 54 000110b R 82 011011b m 109 110000b
7 55 000111b S 83 011100b n 110 110001b
8 56 001000b T 84 011101b o 111 110010b
9 57 001001b U 85 011110b p 112 110011b
A 65 001010b V 86 011111b q 113 110100b
B 66 001011b W 87 100000b r 114 110101b
C 67 001100b X 88 100001b s 115 110110b
D 68 001101b Y 89 100010b t 116 110111b
E 69 001110b Z 90 100011b u 117 111000b
F 70 001111b a 97 100100b v 118 111001b
G 71 010000b b 98 100101b w 119 111010b
H 72 010001b c 99 100110b x 120 111011b
I 73 010010b d 100 100111b y 121 111100b
J 74 010011b e 101 101000b z 122 111101b
K 75 010100b f 102 101001b
Han Xin Code Text2 sub-mode
Character ASCII value Encoding value Character ASCII value Encoding value Character ASCII value Encoding value
NUL 0 000000b NAK 21 010101b . 46 101010b
SOH 1 000001b SYN 22 010110b / 47 101011b
STX 2 000010b ETB 23 010111b : 58 101100b
ETX 3 000011b CAN 24 011000b ; 59 101101b
EOT 4 000100b EM 25 011001b < 60 101110b
ENQ 5 000101b SUB 26 011010b = 61 101111b
ACK 6 000110b ESC 27 011011b > 62 110000b
BEL 7 000111b SP 32 011100b ? 63 110001b
BS 8 001000b ! 33 011101b @ 64 110010b
HT 9 001001b 34 011110b [ 91 110011b
LF 10 001010b # 35 011111b \ 92 110100b
VT 11 001011b $ 36 100000b ] 93 110101b
FF 12 001100b % 37 100001b ^ 94 110110b
CR 13 001101b & 38 100010b _ 95 110111b
SO 14 001110b 39 100011b ` 96 111000b
SI 15 001111b ( 40 100100b { 123 111001b
DLE 16 010000b ) 41 100101b | 124 111010b
DC1 17 010001b * 42 100110b } 125 111011b
DC2 18 010010b + 43 100111b ~ 126 111100b
DC3 19 010011b , 44 101000b DEL 27 111101b
DC4 20 010100b - 45 101001b

Binary byte mode

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Binary mode encodes bytes array [0 – 255] in any form. Binary mode[3]: 5.4.6  consists from binary mode indicator 0011b, 13-bit binary counter and bytes data which are converted to 8-bit sequence. None mode terminator is required.

Chinese Characters modes

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Chinese Characters modes is a set of 4 modes which encodes Chinese characters from GB 18030 codepage.

Han Xin Code Chinese Characters modes
Mode Mode indicator Bits Encoding characters count Description
Common Chinese Characters in Region One mode[3]: 5.4.7  0100b 12 4074 Encodes characters from GB 18030 regions, which: first byte value is in the range of B0 to D7 and second byte value is in the range of A1 to FE (3760 characters), first byte value is in the range of A1 to A3 and second byte value is in the range of A1 to FE (282 characters), in the range of A8A1 to A8C0 (32 characters).
Common Chinese Characters in Region Two mode[3]: 5.4.8  0101b 12 3008 Encodes characters from GB 18030 region, which first byte value is in the range of D8 to F7 and second byte value is in the range of A1 to FE (3008 characters).
GB18030 2-byte Region mode[3]: 5.4.9  0110b 15 23940 Encodes characters from GB 18030 region, which first byte value is in the range of 81 to FE and second byte value is in the range of 40 to 7E or 80 to FE (23940 characters).
GB18030 4-byte Region mode[3]: 5.4.10  0111b 21 1587600 Encodes characters from GB 18030 region, which first byte value is in the range of 81 to FE, and second byte value is in the range of 30 to 39, and third byte value is in the range of 81 to FE, and fourth byte value is in the range of 30 to 39 (1587600 characters).

Unicode mode

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Unicode mode[3]: 5.4.12  encodes UTF-8 charset with embedded lossless compression. In the Unicode mode, the input data is analysed by using self-adaptive algorithm. Firstly, input data is divided and combined into the 1, 2, 3, or 4 byte pattern preencoding sub-sequences, and secondly a run-length data compression algorithm is applied to encode each sub-sequences of the input data.

Shortly, the Unicode mode searches characters sub-pages which can have the same prefix sequence for all of characters of the same language (Cyrillic, Greek, French, German... languages) and encodes only differences from prefix bytes sequence.

GS1 mode

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Han Xin code GS1 mode[3]: 5.4.13  is an indicator that the represented data is defined by GS1 General Specification. GS1 mode encodes data in Numeric and Text modes. Other modes may be used but GS1 mode must be first mode in the symbol and encoded data must be returned with GS1 flag. <FNC1> (if required) must be encoded as 1111101000b in Numeric mode (Numeric mode encodes only three digits, so 1111101000b => 1000 value is counted as special character). In case <FNC1> identifier must be inserted and encoder is in any mode different from Numeric, the mode must be terminated and Numeric mode must be started. GS1 mode indicator is 11100001b and GS1 mode terminator is 11111111b.

The data in GS1 mode is split into GS1 Application Identifiers chinks and then compacted with the best modes. As an example, the following data can be encoded:
(10)123456ABC<FNC1>(240)DATA

The data is encoded in the following way:
<11100001b> <Numeric 10123456> <Text ABC> <Numeric mode selector> <1111101000b> <Numeric 240> <Text DATA> <11111111b>

URI mode

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Han Xin code URI mode[3]: 5.4.14  encodes URI links in compact encoding. URI mode indicator is 11100010b and URI mode terminator is 111b. URI mode can encode data in three charsets: URI-A, URI-B, URI-C[3]: Annex M  with own sub-mode terminators. URI mode can encode %XX data in special Percent-Encoding sub-mode, where three symbols is encoded in 8 bits.

Han Xin Code URI submodes
Charset Charset indicator
URI-A 001b
URI-B 010b
URI-C 011b
Percent-Encoding 100b
URI Mode Teminator 111b

Percent-Encoding sub-mode encodes %XX data in 8 bits sequence. The mode does not require any terminator. To encode URI %XX data in this mode, sub-mode indicator (100b) must be added, then 8-bit indicator of sub-mode 8 bits sequence must be added (counter = Length of %XX / 3) and after this sequence, where %FF, or %ff, or %00, must be added as xFF or x00 bytes.

Han Xin Code URI-A and URI-B charsets
URI-A charset URI-B charset
Character / URI fragment Encoding value Encoding bits Character / URI fragment Encoding value Encoding bits
a 0 000000 A 0 000000
b 1 000001 B 1 000001
c 2 000010 C 2 000010
d 3 000011 D 3 000011
e 4 000100 E 4 000100
f 5 000101 F 5 000101
g 6 000110 G 6 000110
h 7 000111 H 7 000111
i 8 001000 I 8 001000
j 9 001001 J 9 001001
k 10 001010 K 10 001010
l 11 001011 L 11 001011
m 12 001100 M 12 001100
n 13 001101 N 13 001101
o 14 001110 O 14 001110
p 15 001111 P 15 001111
q 16 010000 Q 16 010000
r 17 010001 R 17 010001
s 18 010010 S 18 010010
t 19 010011 T 19 010011
u 20 010100 U 20 010100
v 21 010101 V 21 010101
w 22 010110 W 22 010110
x 23 010111 X 23 010111
y 24 011000 Y 24 011000
z 25 011001 Z 25 011001
0 26 011010 ! 26 011010
1 27 011011 * 27 011011
2 28 011100 ( 28 011100
3 29 011101 ) 29 011101
4 30 011110 , 30 011110
5 31 011111 { 31 011111
6 32 100000 } 32 100000
7 33 100001 | 33 100001
8 34 100010 \ 34 100010
9 35 100011 ^ 35 100011
. 36 100100 [ 36 100100
/ 37 100101 ] 37 100101
- 38 100110 ' 38 100110
_ 39 100111 < 39 100111
~ 40 101000 > 40 101000
: 41 101001 % 41 101001
@ 42 101010 " 42 101010
? 43 101011 ; 43 101011
# 44 101100 .htm 44 101100
= 45 101101 .html 45 101101
+ 46 101110 .asp 46 101110
$ 47 101111 .aspx 47 101111
& 48 110000 .php 48 110000
http:// 49 110001 .jsp 49 110001
https:// 50 110010 gtin 50 110010
ftp:// 51 110011 ser 51 110011
mailto: 52 110100 bat 52 110100
ldap:// 53 110101 exp 53 110101
tel: 54 110110 search 54 110110
urn: 55 110111 id 55 110111
www. 56 111000 .jp 56 111000
.com 57 111001 .it 57 111001
.net 58 111010 .de 58 111010
.gov 59 111011 .br 59 111011
.org 60 111100 .fr 60 111100
.cn 61 111101 gs1 61 111101
Jump to URI-B 62 111110 Jump to URI-A 62 111110
Terminator of URI-A 63 111111 Terminator of URI-B 63 111111
Han Xin Code URI-C charset
Character / URI fragment Encoding value Encoding bits Character / URI fragment Encoding value Encoding bits Character / URI fragment Encoding value Encoding bits
A 0 0000000 R 43 0101011 ; 86 1010110
B 1 0000001 S 44 0101100 / 87 1010111
C 2 0000010 T 45 0101101 ? 88 1011000
D 3 0000011 U 46 0101110 : 89 1011001
E 4 0000100 V 47 0101111 @ 90 1011010
F 5 0000101 W 48 0110000 & 91 1011011
G 6 0000110 X 49 0110001 = 92 1011100
H 7 0000111 Y 50 0110010 http:// 93 1011101
I 8 0001000 Z 51 0110011 https:// 94 1011110
J 9 0001001 0 52 0110100 ftp:// 95 1011111
K 10 0001010 1 53 0110101 mailto: 96 1100000
L 11 0001011 2 54 0110110 ldap:// 97 1100001
m 12 0001100 3 55 0110111 tel: 98 1100010
N 13 0001101 4 56 0111000 urn: 99 1100011
O 14 0001110 5 57 0111001 www. 100 1100100
P 15 0001111 6 58 0111010 .com 101 1100101
Q 16 0010000 7 59 0111011 .net 102 1100110
R 17 0010001 8 60 0111100 .gov 103 1100111
S 18 0010010 9 61 0111101 .org 104 1101000
T 19 0010011 $ 62 0111110 .cn 105 1101001
U 20 0010100 - 63 0111111 .htm 106 1101010
V 21 0010101 _ 64 1000000 .html 107 1101011
w 22 0010110 . 65 1000001 .asp 108 1101100
X 23 0010111 + 66 1000010 .aspx 109 1101101
Y 24 0011000 ! 67 1000011 .php 110 1101110
Z 25 0011001 * 68 1000100 .jsp 111 1101111
A 26 0011010 ( 69 1000101 gtin 112 1110000
B 27 0011011 ) 70 1000110 ser 113 1110001
C 28 0011100 , 71 1000111 bat 114 1110010
D 29 0011101 { 72 1001000 exp 115 1110011
E 30 0011110 } 73 1001001 search 116 1110100
F 31 0011111 | 74 1001010 id 117 1110101
G 32 0100000 \ 75 1001011 .jp 118 1110110
H 33 0100001 ^ 76 1001100 .it 119 1110111
I 34 0100010 ~ 77 1001101 .de 120 1111000
J 35 0100011 [ 78 1001110 .br 121 1111001
K 36 0100100 ] 79 1001111 .fr 122 1111010
L 37 0100101 ' 80 1010000 gs1 123 1111011
M 38 0100110 < 81 1010001 search 124 1111100
N 39 0100111 > 82 1010010 Jump to URI-A 125 1111101
O 40 0101000 # 83 1010011 Jump to URI-B 126 1111110
P 41 0101001 % 84 1010100 Terminator of URI-C 127 1111111
Q 42 0101010 " 85 1010101

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b GB/T (2007). "GB/T 21049-2007 "Chinese-sensible code"". www.chinesestandardslibrary.com (in Chinese). GB National Standard. GB/T 21049-2007.
  2. ^ "中国物品编码中心 (The Article Numbering Center of China)". www.ancc.org.cn (in Chinese).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ISO/IEC (2021). "ISO/IEC 20830:2021 "Information technology Automatic identification and data capture techniques Han Xin Code bar code symbology specification"". iso.org. International Organization for Standardization(ISO). ISO/IEC 20830.
  4. ^ Stefania Zocco. "QR codes in contemporary China: digital money and people's perception" (PDF). dspace.unive.it. Ca'Foscari University of Venice.
  5. ^ a b "GS1 Application Identifiers". www.gs1.org.
  6. ^ Dong Xiaowen; Deng Huipeng; Wang Li (31 August 2021). "中国主导的首个二维码码制国际标准正式发布(The first international standard for QR code coding led by China is officially released)". www.ancc.org.cn (in Chinese). 中国物品编码中心 (The Article Numbering Center of China).
  7. ^ "RFID and AIDC News: New Bar Code Symbology for Double Byte Characters". www.scdigest.com. Supply Chain Digest.
  8. ^ "ISS Han Xin Code symbology specification - Rev. 3.0". aimglobal.org. AIM Global.
  9. ^ Liu Jia (16 September 2015). "汉信码正式成为国际ISO标准工作项目(Hanxin code officially becomes an international ISO standard work item)". www.ancc.org.cn (in Chinese). 中国物品编码中心 (The Article Numbering Center of China).
  10. ^ GB/T (2022). "GB/T 21049-2022 "Han Xin code"". www.chinesestandard.net (in Chinese). GB National Standard. GB/T 21049-2022.
  11. ^ Shengzhang Jiang; Weidong Wu (2 August 2016). "European Patent Office EP3330887B1 by Fujian Landi Commercial Equipment Co Ltd "Chinese-sensitive code feature pattern detection method and system"". patents.google.com. European Patent Office.
  12. ^ Shengzhang Jiang; Weidong Wu (15 January 2018). "United States Patent US10095903B2 by Ingenico Fujian Technology Co Ltd "Block decoding method and system for two-dimensional code"". patents.google.com. United States Patent and Trademark Office.
  13. ^ Shengzhang Jiang; Weidong Wu (13 February 2018). "United States Patent US10528781B2 by Ingenico Fujian Technology Co Ltd "Detection method and system for characteristic patterns of Han Xin codes"". patents.google.com. United States Patent and Trademark Office.
  14. ^ "Han Xin Code". www.ancc.org.cn. GS1 China.
  15. ^ "PC42D Desktop Direct Thermal Barcode Printer". www.honeywell.com.
  16. ^ "Unitech MS852B". dcs.aero.
  17. ^ Shi Yu. "Han Xin Code". han-xin-code.appstor.io (in Chinese).
  18. ^ Zheng Yu (2 September 2013). "中国的二维码,您用了吗(Have you used China's QR code)?". www.ancc.org.cn (in Chinese). 中国物品编码中心 (The Article Numbering Center of China).
  19. ^ "Generate Han Xin Code Barcodes in C#". www.aspose.com.
  20. ^ "AIM International Technical Specification - Han Xin Code Encoding Library for .Net". github.com.
  21. ^ Xiaolei Yu; Donghua Wang; Zhimin Zhao (2018). Semi-physical Verification Technology for Dynamic Performance of Internet of Things System. Springer. p. 181. ISBN 978-9811317590.
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