Juan Corona
Juan Corona | |
---|---|
![]() Corona in a 2018 prison photograph | |
Born | Juan Corona Vallejo February 7, 1934 |
Died | March 4, 2019 | (aged 85)
Other names | Corona |
Spouses | Gabriella E. Hermosillo
(m. 1953, divorced)Gloria I. Moreno
(m. 1959; div. 1974) |
Children | 4 |
Conviction(s) | First-degree murder (25 counts) |
Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment |
Details | |
Victims | 25 |
Span of crimes | February 1 – May 21, 1971 |
Country | United States |
State(s) | California |
Date apprehended | May 26, 1971 |
Juan Corona Vallejo (February 7, 1934 – March 4, 2019) was a Mexican serial killer who was convicted of the murders of 25 migrant farm workers found buried in peach orchards along the Feather River in Sutter County, California, in 1971. At the time, his crimes were among the most notorious in U.S. history. Until the discovery of Dean Corll's victims two years later, he was the deadliest known American serial killer.
Corona was convicted of 25 counts of first-degree murder in 1973. An appellate court overturned the conviction in 1978 on the basis of incompetent legal representation and granted him a new trial. In 1982, he was again found guilty on all counts. He served a life sentence in California State Prison, Corcoran, and died in 2019.
Early life
[edit]Juan Corona was born in San Antonio de los Moran, Ayutla, Jalisco, Mexico, on February 7, 1934.[1] He first illegally entered the United States through the California border in 1950 at age 16, following the footsteps of his four brothers and one sister.[2][3] He picked carrots and melons in the Imperial Valley for three months before moving on north to the Sacramento Valley.[4] His half-brother, José Natividad Corona Sánchez, later attacked a man with a machete-like weapon in Marysville and after losing the lawsuit, fled back to his native Mexico.[3][5] Corona was a Catholic and went to St. Isadore's Roman Catholic Church.[3]
In May 1953, Corona moved to the Marysville-Yuba City area at the suggestion of Natividad, finding work on a local ranch. He was first married to Gabriella E. Hermosillo on October 24, 1953, in Reno, Nevada.[6] In 1958, he married Gloria I. Moreno, and they had four daughters, Martha, Victoria, Yolanda and Guadalupe.[3]
Mental illness
[edit]In January 1956, after what was thought to be a schizophrenic episode,[7] Natividad had Corona committed to DeWitt State Hospital in Auburn, California, where he was diagnosed with "schizophrenic reaction, paranoid type."[8] He received 23 electroconvulsive therapy sessions before he was declared recovered and released three months later. He was deported to Mexico upon his release.[8][9]
In 1962, Corona was given a green card and returned to the United States legally, where he was regarded as a hard worker with schizophrenic episodes and a violent temper. He became a licensed labor contractor, in charge of hiring fruit ranch workers.[10] In March 1970, he was again admitted to Dewitt for treatment. In March 1971, he applied for and was denied welfare.[3]
Evidence
[edit]On May 19, 1971, a farm owner who had used Corona to contract field workers noticed a freshly dug hole in his peach orchard,[11] which was filled the next day. In the hole was the body of a man who had been stabbed and hacked.[12]
In one grave, deputies found two meat receipts bearing Corona's signature.[13] In another two graves, there were two crumpled Bank of America deposit slips printed with Corona's name and address. This circumstantial evidence supported their case.[14]
Witnesses later told police that some of the victims had been last seen riding in Corona's pickup truck.[15]
In the early morning hours of May 26, 1971, police entered Corona's Yuba City home with a search warrant and arrested him.[16] Evidence indicating his guilt was discovered and seized, such as two bloodstained knives, a machete, a pistol, and blood-stained clothing. There was also a work ledger that contained 34 names and dates, including seven of the known victims. The ledger came to be referred to as a "death list" by the prosecution, who alleged it recorded the dates the men were murdered.[17]
Corona had been supplying workers to the ranches where the victims were discovered. Most of the victims were discovered on the Sullivan Ranch, which had a bunkhouse where Corona housed many of the men who worked for him.
Victims
[edit]All of Corona's victims were middle-aged Caucasian male drifters between the ages of 47 and 64 (except three); most of them had criminal records, and all but one were stabbed or slashed with a knife or machete.
Number | Name | Age | Death Date | Method of Killing |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | John Joseph Haluka | 52 | February 25 – May 11, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
2 | Sigurd E. "Pete" Beierman | 62 | February 25 – May 11, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
3 | John Doe (4th victim found) | Unknown | February 25 – May 11, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
4 | John Doe (7th victim found) | Unknown | February 25 – May 11, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
5 | William Emery Kamp | 62 | February 26 – May 12, 1971 | Shot in the head w/ a 9 mm. |
6 | Clarence Hocking | 53 | February 26 – May 12, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
7 | John Doe (10th victim found) | Unknown | February 26 – May 12, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
8 | John Doe (12th victim found) | Unknown | February 26 – May 12, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
9 | Albert Leon "Scratchy" Hayes | 58 | February 27 – May 13, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
10 | Warren Jerome Kelley | 62 | c. March 30, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
11 | John Henry Jackson | 64 | May 3–14, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
12 | Joseph J. Maczak | 54 | April 26 – May 21, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
13 | Mark Beverly Shields | 56 | c. April 28, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
14 | Donald Dale "Red" Smith | 60 | April 30 – May 11, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
15 | James Wylie Howard | 64 | May 1–13, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
16 | Sam Bonafiede (a.k.a. Joe Carriveau) | 55 | c. May 6, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
17 | Edward Martin Cupp | 43 | May 9–13, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
18 | Charles Levy Fleming | 67 | c. May 11, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
19 | Jonah Raggio Smallwood | 56 | c. May 12, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
20 | Elbert J.T. Riley | 45 | c. May 12, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
21 | Lloyd Wallace Wenztel | 60 | May 14–22, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
22 | Paul Buel Allen | 59 | c. May 15, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
23 | Raymond Reand Muchache | 47 | c. May 18, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
24 | Kenneth Edward Whitacre | 40 | c. May 19, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
25 | Melford Everett Sample | 59 | c. May 21, 1971 | Stabbed/slashed w/ a knife or machete. |
Legal proceedings
[edit]Corona was provided legal aid and assigned a public defender, Roy Van den Heuvel, who hired several psychiatrists to perform a psychological evaluation. Although the sheriff, Roy Whiteaker, said the prisoner was in no apparent or immediate danger from his fellow townsmen, Corona was moved to the new and larger county jail in Marysville on May 30, 1971, for "security reasons."[18]
On June 2, Corona was returned to Sutter County for arraignment, which was closed to the media and public. A plea of not guilty was entered, and a date was set for Corona's preliminary hearing.[19]
By the time the search was terminated on June 4, a total of 25 male victims had been discovered. Four of them were unidentified.
On June 14, Van den Heuvel was replaced by Richard Hawk, a privately retained defense attorney.[20] In return for his legal representation, an agreement was made granting Hawk exclusive literary and dramatic property rights to the defendant's life story, including the proceedings against him. Under the agreement, Corona waived the attorney–client privilege. Shortly after taking over the defense, and even before seeing Corona's medical record or reading any of the reports, Hawk decided against having him plead not guilty by reason of insanity and fired the psychiatrists.[21]
Corona complained of chest pain from his cell in Yuba City on June 18 and was taken to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with having had a mild heart attack.[22] The grand jury returned a 25-count murder indictment against him on July 12.[23] In early August, Corona was hospitalized again after complaining of chest pain and saying he had not been able to sleep because of it.[24]
Trial
[edit]It took over a year after the murders were discovered for the case against Corona to come to trial. The California Supreme Court voided the death penalty in the state on February 18, 1972, ruling it unconstitutional, cruel, and unusual.[25] Therefore, it would not be a capital case. Hawk succeeded in getting a change of venue from Sutter County to Solano County.
The trial began on September 11, 1972, at the courthouse in Fairfield, California, more than 60 miles (100 km) from Yuba City. Jury selection took several weeks, and the trial took another three months.[26]
Though Corona denied culpability, he was not called to the stand to testify in his own defense, and no defense witnesses were called. The jury deliberated for 45 hours and returned a verdict on January 18, 1973, finding Corona guilty of first-degree murder on all 25 counts charged.[27] The judge, Richard Patton, sentenced Corona to 25 terms of life imprisonment, to run consecutively, without the possibility of parole.[28] Despite being sentenced to so many consecutive terms, the Department of Corrections said that Corona would be eligible for parole in seven years, citing Section 669 of the penal code, which mandates that when a crime is punished by life imprisonment, with or without the possibility of parole, then all other convictions shall be merged and run concurrently.[29]
Corona was first incarcerated at Vacaville's California Medical Facility, nine miles (14 km) from Fairfield, because of the heart irregularities. In December 1973, he was stabbed 32 times in his cell, lost his left eye, and had a blade permanently lodged behind his right eye because he had bumped into a fellow inmate in a corridor and failed to say "excuse me." Of the five men questioned, including the one involved in the bumping incident, one identified as the bumped man's sexual partner, and three inmates identified as friends of the partner, four were charged with assault with a deadly weapon.[30][31][32]
Corona was transferred to Correctional Training Facility (CTF), in Soledad, California. In 1974 his wife filed for divorce,[33] which was granted on July 30.[34]
Second trial
[edit]On May 18, 1978, the California Court of Appeal granted Juan Corona a new trial based on his appeal and petition for the writ of habeas corpus filed by his lawyers, Alan Exelrod and Michael Mendelson. The Appeals Court based its decision on two primary issues raised by appellate counsel: first, trial counsel did not do the requisite legal and factual investigations required; and second, trial counsel's obtaining publication rights as part of his fee created an impermissible conflict between trial counsel and Corona.[citation needed]
The second trial began on February 22, 1982, in Hayward, California.[35] Corona's defense posited that the real murderer of the ranch workers was most likely his brother, Natividad Corona, a known homosexual who was accused of attacking Romero Raya with a machete-like weapon at his cafe in Marysville and, after losing the lawsuit Raya filed, had fled back to his native Mexico.[5][3] Natividad had died in 1973 in Guadalajara.[36]
This time, more than 50 defense witnesses were called to the stand by Terrence Hallinan. Corona was called in his own defense. He was asked only two questions through an interpreter, taking only two minutes. "Do you understand the state has accused you of killing 25 men?" "Yes," Corona answered, almost inaudibly. "Did you have anything to do with killing those men?" "No," Corona replied. Hallinan then turned Corona over to the prosecutor, Ronald Fahey, for cross-examination. Startled prosecution attorneys requested a brief recess to gather their wits and prepare some of the more than 630 exhibits for their cross.[37] Later, Fahey questioned Corona about the various vans and cars he used at the ranch where he worked and lived and where some weapons were found.
The trial lasted seven months. Corona was again convicted of the crimes on September 23, 1982, and returned to prison after the strategy failed to persuade the jury, which deliberated for 54 hours over a two-week period, of his innocence. Afterward, the foreman told the press that the most incriminating piece of evidence against Corona was his work ledger, for which the labor contractor had "no reasonable explanation."[38] He said the jury had dismissed the defense's contention that Natividad committed the murders. "He wasn't in Marysville enough to have committed the bulk of the killings," he said.[39]
Later years and death
[edit]In 1992, Corona was transferred from CTF at Soledad to Corcoran State Prison, Corcoran, California, where he served his sentence in the Sensitive Needs Yard (SNY) because he had dementia.[40] He was denied parole eight times.[10]
Corona died on March 4, 2019, aged 85, from natural causes.[2][41]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Silverman, Ellie (March 4, 2019). "Juan Corona, 'machete murderer' convicted of killing 25 migrant workers, dies at 85". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
- ^ a b Stout, David (March 4, 2019). "Juan Corona, 85, Convicted as Killer of 26 Farm Workers, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Kneeland, Douglas E. (June 16, 1971). "For Yuba City Suspect, Early Prosperity Ended in an Unsuccessful Plea for Welfare". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
- ^ "Serial Killer Timelines | Radford University" (.pdf). www.radford.edu. Radford University — Department of Psychology. 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
- ^ a b Los Angeles Times, March 16, 1982, "Corona Kin May Be Killer, Lawyer Hints --- 'Maniacal Half-Brother Suggested as Murderer of 25 Laborers,'" p. B3
- ^ Washoe County Clerk, Reno, NV, Marriage License No. 386376.
- ^ "Juan Corona". Latin American Studies. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^ a b Wade, Tony (August 7, 2015). "Juan Corona mass murder trial moved to Fairfield in '72". Daily Republic. McNaughton Newspapers, Inc. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
- ^ Kidder, Tracy (1974). The Road to Yuba City. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-02865-3.
- ^ a b Times, Los Angeles (November 11, 2016). "Juan Corona, California serial killer convicted of killing 25 farmworkers, is again denied parole". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
- ^ Katherine Ramsland. "Juan Corona, a Homophobic Serial Killer's Story — A Turbulent Year — Crime Library on truTV.com". truTV.com. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
- ^ Katherine Ramsland. "Juan Corona, a Homophobic Serial Killer's Story — Grisly Discovery — Crime Library on truTV.com". truTV.com. Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1972, "The State --- Corona Receipts Found in Grave, Trial Told", p. A2
- ^ Ramsland, Katherine. "Juan Corona". Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^ "Jurors deliberating in the mass murder retrial of Juan..." UPI. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ "People v. Superior Court (Corona)". Justia Law. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ "Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska · 3". Lincoln Journal Star. September 24, 1982. p. 3.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1971, "Suspect in Mass Murders Moved to Marysville Jail", p. 1
- ^ Los Angeles Times, June 3, 1971, "Yuba City Mass Murder Suspect Pleads Innocent", p. 1
- ^ "Attorney Dismissed in Mass Murder Case". Los Angeles Times. June 15, 1971. p. III-19. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1971, "No Plea of Insanity Planned for Corona,'" p. 32
- ^ Los Angeles Times, from Yuba City (UPI), June 30, 1971, "Mild Heart Attack Suffered By Corona", p. 18
- ^ Los Angeles Times, July 13, 1971, "Jury Raises Corona Murder Counts to 25", p. 18A
- ^ Los Angeles Times, from Yuba City (UPI), August 9, 1971, "Corona Hospitalized 2nd Time After Complaining of Chest Pain", p. 3
- ^ Los Angeles Times, February 18, 1972, "No Death Penalty — Cal. Court Voids It; Appeal Likely — Punishment Ruled 'Cruel and Unusual,'" p. 1
- ^ Ramsland, Katherine. "Juan Corona: Rush to Judgment?". truTV.com. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1973, "Corona Guilty --- Convicted of All 25 Murders --- Courtroom Stunned by Verdict", p. 1
- ^ Nelson, Doug (May 2, 2002). "Valley of death". News & Review. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1973, "Corona Held Eligible for Parole in 7 Years --- L.A. District Attorney's Office Calls 25 Consecutive Prison Term 'an Idle Exercise,'" p. 3
- ^ "Juan Corona, the 'machete murderer,' dies In Northern California prison at 85". Mercury News. March 5, 2019. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, December 6, 1973, "The State --- Bumping Incident Linked to Corona Stabbing", p. B3
- ^ Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1973, "Four Inmates Charged in Corona Attack", p. A12
- ^ Los Angeles Times, January 8, 1974, "The State", p. OC2
- ^ "Corona's Wife Gets Divorce". The New York Times. August 11, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, February 22, 1982, "Corona Retrial Begins", p. A1
- ^ Los Angeles Times, from Guadalajara (UPI), June 8, 1973, "Corona Sister Tells of Three Family Deaths", p. F8
- ^ Los Angeles Times, from Hayward, California, July 21, 1982, "Corona Takes Stand, Denies 25 Slayings", p. OC22
- ^ Los Angeles Times, from Hayward, California, September 24, 1982, "Corona Found Guilty Again --- Convicted of Killing 25 in 1971", p. 1
- ^ "'Death list' deciding factor in Corona conviction". UPI. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ "Serial Killers Fast Facts". CNN Library. Cable News Network. December 24, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
During a 2011 parole hearing, he confessed to killing the men. Corona, who was 77 and suffering from dementia at the time of the hearing...
- ^ "Serial killer Juan Corona dies at 85", kmph.com. Accessed December 11, 2022.
Further reading
[edit]- Cray, Ed. Burden of Proof: The Case of Juan Corona. New York: Macmillan, 1973. ISBN 0-02-528770-2, 978-1135617431
- Kidder, Tracy. The Road to Yuba City: A Journey into the Juan Corona Murders. New York: Doubleday, 1974. ISBN 0-385-02865-2, 978-0385028653
- Villaseñor, Victor. Jury: The People vs. Juan Corona. Massachusetts: Little Brown, 1977. ISBN 0-316-90300-0, 978-0316903004
- Talbitzer, Bill. Too Much Blood. New York: Vantage Press, 1978. ISBN 0-533-03801-4, 978-0533038015
- Cartel, Michael. Disguise of Sanity: Serial Mass Murderers. California: Pepperbox Books, 1985. ISBN 0-9614625-0-7, 978-0961462505
- 1934 births
- 2019 deaths
- 20th-century criminals
- Mexican emigrants to the United States
- Mexican people convicted of murder
- Mexican people imprisoned abroad
- Mexican prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
- Mexican serial killers
- People convicted of murder by California
- People from Autlán, Jalisco
- People from Marysville, California
- People from Yuba City, California
- People with schizophrenia
- Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California
- Prisoners who died in California detention
- Serial killers from California
- Serial killers who died in prison custody
- Violence against men in the United States