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Mohanam

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Mohanam
ArohanamS R₂ G₃ P D₂ Ṡ
AvarohanamṠ D₂ P G₃ R₂ S
EquivalentBhupali (Hindustani)
Major pentatonic scale (Western)
Carnatic music
Tanjavur-style tambura
Concepts
Compositions
Instruments
Melody
Sarasvati Vīṇā
Veṇu
Nādasvaraṃ
Goṭṭuvādyaṃ (Citra Vīṇā)
Violin
Percussion
Mr̥daṅgaṃ
Ghaṭaṃ
Morsing
Kanjira
Thavil
Drone
Tambura
Shruti box

Mohanam is a raga in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an audava rāga (or owdava rāga, meaning pentatonic scale). It is usually described as a janya rāga of Harikamboji (28th Melakartha Raga). However, alternate opinions suggest that Mechakalyani may be a more appropriate classification based on the lakshana of the raga.

The equivalent of Mohanam in Hindustani music is Bhoop[1] (or Bhopali[2]).

It is one of the most common pentatonic scales across the world[1] and is very popular in East Asian and Southeast Asian music, including China and Japan.

Structure and Lakshana

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Mohanam scale with shadjam at C

Mohanam is a symmetric rāga that does not contain madhyamam and nishādham. It is a symmetric pentatonic scale (audava-audava raga[1][2] in Carnatic music classification – audava meaning 'of 5'). Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):

(the notes used in this scale are shadjam, chathusruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, panchamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham)

Mohanam is usually classified as a janya rāga of Harikambhoji, the 28th Melakarta rāga, though alternate opinions exist that prefer classifying it as a janya raga of Kalyani based on its lakshana. The Hindustani equivalent Bhoop is associated with Kalyan thaat (the equivalent of Kalyani).

One of the first scales employed by the ancient Tamils was the Mullaippann (3 BCE), a pentatonic scale composed of the notes sa ri ga pa da equivalent to C, D, E, G, and A in the western notations. These fully harmonic scales, constitutes the raga Mohanam in the Carnatic music style.

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Mohanam rāga lends itself to extensive elaboration and exploration and has many classical music and film music compositions.

Kritis

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The geetham Varavina mridupani is one of the first short songs taught to beginners in Carnatic music. Ninnukori composed by Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar is a popular Varnam in this scale. Here are some popular kritis composed in Mohanam.

Tamil movie songs in Mohanam

[edit]
Song Movie Year Lyricist Composer Singer
Giridhara Gopala Meera 1945 S. V. Venkatraman M. S. Subbulakshmi
Thillai Ambala Nadaraajaa Soubhagyavathi 1957 Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram Pendyala Nageswara Rao T. M. Soundararajan
Nilavum Malarum Thennilavu 1961 Kannadasan A. M. Rajah A. M. Rajah, P. Susheela
Aarumugamana Porul Kandhan Karunai 1967 K. V. Mahadevan S. Janaki, Rajalakshmi
Om Namasivaya Thiruvilaiyadal 1965 Sirkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela
Malargal Nanaindhana Idhaya Kamalam 1965 P. Susheela
Velli Mani Oosaiyil Iru Malargal 1967 Vaali M. S. Viswanathan
Chittukuruvikenna Saavale Samali 1971 Kannadasan
Iraivan Varuvan Shanthi Nilayam 1969
Yaumuna Nadhi Inge Gauravam 1973 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
Gangai Yamunai Imayam 1979 K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam
Sangey Mozhangu Kalangarai Vilakam 1965 Bharathidasan P. Susheela, Sirkazhi Govindarajan
Thanga Thoniyile Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban 1973 Vaali K. J. Yesudas, P. Susheela
Bansaye T. M. Soundarajan, L. R. Eswari
Kadaloram Vaangiya Kaatru Rickshawkaaran 1971 T. M. Soundarajan
Maiyendhum Vizhiyodu Poojaikku Vandha Malar 1965 Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy P. Susheela,P. B. Sreenivas
Vanda naal mudhal Paava Mannippu 1961 Kannadasan T. M. Soundarajan, G.K.Venkatesh(Background Version)
Thiruchendoorin Kadalorathil Senthilnaathan Dheivam 1972 Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan T. M. Soundararajan, Sirkazhi Govindarajan
Neelakkadalin Oratthil Annai Velankanni 1971 G. Devarajan T. M. Soundararajan, P. Madhuri
Oru Kadhal Samrajyam Nandha En Nila 1977 V. Dakshinamoorthy P. Jayachandran, T. K. Kala
Ninu Kori Varnam Isaithida Agni Natchatram 1987 Vaali Ilaiyaraaja K. S. Chithra
Vanthathe Oh Kungumam Kizhakku Vaasal 1990 R. V. Udayakumar
Anniya Kaattu Annaney Nandhavana Theru 1995 Srilekha, Mano, Swarnalatha
Kanmaniye Kadhal Enbadhu Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai 1979 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Nilavu thoongum Kunguma Chimil 1985
Iru Paravaigal Niram Maratha Pookal 1979 Jency
Meenkodi Theril Karumbu Vil 1980 M. G. Vallabhan K. J. Yesudas, Jency Anthony
Vaan Pole Vannam Salangai Oli 1983 Vairamuthu S. P. Balasubhramaniam, S. P. Sailaja
Oru Thanga Rathathil Dharma Yutham 1979 Malaysia Vasudevan
Kannan Oru kaikulanthai Bhadrakali 1976 KJ Yesudas, P Susheela
Kaathirunthen Thaniye Rasa Magan 1994 Chandrasekar, Srilekha
Oru Kolakili Sonnathey Pon Vilangu 1993 Kamakodiyan P. Jayachandran, Sunandha
Sreeramane Unnai Kangalin Vaarthaigal 1998 K. S. Chithra, Ilaiyaraaja
Naan Thanga Roja Time 1999 Palani Bharathi S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
Oru Raagam Ananda Ragam 1982 Gangai Amaran K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
Geetham Sangeetham Kokarakko 1983 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Poovil Vandu Kadhal Oviyam 1982 Vairamuthu
Ravi varman oviyamo Puthu Vayal 1992 Aravinth
Sivappu Lolaku Kadhal Kottai 1996 Deva
Vellarika Krishnaraj
Nepala Malaiyoram Thaikulame Thaikulame 1995 S. P. Balasubhramaniam, Swarnalatha
Solai Kuyil Anantha Poongatre 1999 Vairamuthu Hariharan, Sujatha Mohan
Vanthalaappa Vanthalaappa Seethanam 1995 R. Sundarrajan Mano, K. S. Chithra
Priya Priya Kattabomman 1993 S. P. Balasubhramaniam, K.S.Chitra
Thoonganakuruvi Jallikattu kalai 1994
Malaiya Kodainju Pathaya Amaichen Pudhu Padagan 1990 S. Thanu
Unnai Ninachi Avathara Purushan 1996 Sirpy
Mudhal Mudhalai Varushamellam Vasantham 2002 P. Unnikrishnan, Sujatha
Pottu Mela Pottu Janakiraman 1997 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Sriram
Kadhal Kaditham Cheran Pandian 1991 Soundaryan Lobson Rajkumar, Swarnalatha
Boom Boom Boys 2003 Kabilan A. R. Rahman Adnan Sami, Sadhana Sargam
Ennodu Nee Irundhaal I 2015 Sid Sriram, Sunitha Sarathy
Endrendrum Punnagai Alai Payuthey 2000 Pravin Mani Clinton Cerejo, Srinivas, Shankar Mahadevan, A. R. Rahman
Porale Ponnuthayi Karuthamma 1994 Vairamuthu Unni Menon, Sujatha Mohan, Swarnalatha(Pathos)(Won National Award)
Madrasai Suthi

(Ragamalika:Mohanam, Punnagavarali)

May Maadham 1994 Shahul Hameed, Swarnalatha, G. V. Prakash & Manorama
Pakkada Pakkade Gentleman 1993 Minmini
Varayo Thozhi Jeans 1998 Sonu Nigam, Harini
Samba Samba Love Birds 1996 Aslam Mustafa
Smayiyai Kandukondain Kandukondain 2000 Devan Ekambaram, Clinton Cerejo, Dominique Cerejo
Kannai Katti Kollathey Iruvar 1997 Hariharan
Poi Solla Poren Thiruttu Payale 2006 Bharadwaj KK, Kanmani
Oru Kathal Enpathu Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi 1987 Gangai Amaran S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Chinnapattam Poochi Sugamana Sumaigal 1992 Chandrabose K. S. Chithra, Mano
Kaalai Neeye Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye 1988 Vaali Devendran S. Janaki
Mainaave Mainaave Thithikudhe 2003 Vidyasagar P. Unnikrishnan, Sadhana Sargam
Rosave Rosave Ellaichami 1992 Pulamaipithan S. A. Rajkumar Malaysia Vasudevan, K. S. Chithra
Maname Thottal Thotta Chinungi 1995 Phillip Jerry Hariharan, K. S. Chithra
Kadhalithal Anandham Style 2002 Bharani
Uchi Mudhal Sukran 2005 Vijay Antony Timmy, Gayathri
Engeyum Kadhal Engeyum Kadhal 2011 Thamarai Harris Jayaraj Aalap Raju, Devan Ekambaram, Ranina Reddy
Yaar Arindhadho Thalaikoothal 2023 Yugabharathi Kannan Pradeep Kumar

Kannada Film Songs

[edit]
Song Movie Lyricist Composer Singer
Jenina Holeyo Chalisuva Modagalu Chi. Udayashankar Rajan-Nagendra Dr. Rajkumar
Baanallu Neene Bayalu Daari Chi. Udayashankar Rajan-Nagendra S. Janaki
Malayalam movie songs in Mohanam (Selected)
Song Movie Lyricist Composer singer(s)
Malini nadiyil Sakunthala Vayalar Ramavarma G Devarajan KJ Yesudas, P Suseela
Manjalayil mungi thorthi Kalithozhan P Bhaskaran G Devarajan P Jayachandran
Manjani Poonilaav Nagarame Nandi P Bhaskaran K Raghavan S Janaki
Suprabhatham (neelagiriyude) Panitheeratha Veedu Vayalar Ramavarma MS Viswanathan P Jayachandran
Chandrikayilaliyunnu Bharyamar Sookshikkuka Sreekumaran Thampi V Dakshinamoorthy KJ Yesudas, P Leela, AM Raja
Pournami Chandrika Rest House Sreekumaran Thampi MK Arjunan KJ Yesudas
Madhuchandrikayude Anachadanam Vayalar Ramavarma G Devarajan P Jayachandran
Swargaputhri Navarathri Nizhalattam Vayalar Ramavarma G Devarajan KJ Yesudas
Guruvayurambala Nadayil Othenante makan Vayalar Ramavarma G Devarajan KJ Yesudas
Ezharapponnana purath Akkarappacha Vayalar Ramavarma G Devarajan P Madhuri
Nin maniyarayile CID Nazir Sreekumaran Thampi MK Arjunan P Jayachandran
Arivin Nilave Rajashilpi ONV Kurup Raveendran KS Chithra
Etho nidrathan Ayal Katha Ezhuthukayanu Kaithapram Raveendran KJ Yesudas
Maarikkuliril neela thulasi Kouravar Kaithapram SP Venkitesh KJ Yesudas, KS Chithra
Chandanalepa Sugandham Oru vadakkan veeragatha K Jayakumar Ravi Bombay KJ Yesudas
Aareyum Bhava gayakan aakkum Nakhakshathangal ONV Kurup Ravi Bombay KJ Yesudas
Maayaponmane Thalayanamanthram Kaithapram Johnson KS Chithra
Ponnambili Golantharavarthakal ONV Kurupp Johnson KS Chithra
Manje vaa madhuvidhu vela Thusharam Yousuf Ali Kechery Shyam KJ Yesudas, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Thaara noopuram chaarthi Sopanam Kaithapram SP Venkitesh KJ Yesudas, Manju Menon
Mouliyil mayilpeeli Nandanam Gireesh Puthenchery Raveendran KS Chithra
Ponkasavu njoriyum joker Yousuf Ali Kechery Mohan Sithara P Jayachandran, KS Chithra
Parvanendu mukhi Parinayam Yousuf Ali Kechery Ravi Bombay KS Chithra
Kaliveedurangiyallo Deshadanam Kaithapram Kaithapram KJ Yesudas
Aakasha neelima Kayyum thalayum purathidaruth Mullanezhi Raveendran KJ Yesudas
Nee en sarga soundaryame Kathodu kathoram ONV kurupp Ouseppachan KJ Yesudas, Lathika

Telugu Film Songs

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Song Movie Lyricist Composer Singer
Mounamga Manasu Padina Gundamma Katha Pingali Nagendrarao S. Rajaswara Rao Ghantasala
Seelamu Galavari Chinavada Palnati Yudhham Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry S. Rajaswara Rao Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna, P. Susheela
Echatanunchi Veecheno Ee Challanigaali Appu Chesi Pappukudu Pingali Nagendrarao Pendyala Nageswarrao Ghantasala, P. Susheela
Manasu Parimalinchene Tanuvu Paravasinchene Srikrishnarjuna Yuddham Pingali Nagendrarao Pendyala Nageswarrao Ghantasala, P. Susheela
Mohanraga Maha Murthymanthamaye Mahamantri Timmarasu Pingali Nagendrarao Pendyala Nageswarrao Ghantasala, P. Susheela
Lahirilo Lahirilo Mayabazaar Pingali Nagendrarao S. Rajaswara Rao Ghantasala, P. Leela
Madhilo Veenalu Mroge Atmeeyulu Dasarathi S. Rajeswara Rao P. Susheela
Padavela Radhika Pranayasudha Geethika Iddaru Mitrulu SriSri S. Rajeswara Rao Ghantasala, P. Susheela
Siva Siva Sankara Bhakta Kannappa Veturi Sundarrammurthy Sathyam V. Ramakrishna
Palikinadi Pilichinadi Seetaaraamulu Atreya Sathyam S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Suseela
Nemalaki Nerpian Nadakalivi Saptapadi Veturi Sundarrammurthy K. V. Mahadevan S. Janaki
Akasamlo Asala Harivillu Swarnakamalam Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry Ilaiyaraaja S. Janaki
Ninu Kori Varnam Sarisari Gharshana Rajasree Ilaiyaraaja Chitra, Vani Jayaram
Maaterani Chinnadhani O Papa Lali Rajasree Ilaiyaraaja S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Chinnadana Osi Chinnadana Premalekha Bhuvanachandra Deva Krishnaraj
Raave Naa Cheliya Jeans Siva Ganesh A R Rahman Sonu Nigam, Harini
Ye shwasalo Cherithe Nenunnanu Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry MM keeravani Chitra

Kannada:

  • "Malgudi Days Theme Music"
  • "Mohana Muraliya Naada Leelege"
  • "Olave Jeevana Saakshaatkaara"
  • "Bellane Belagayitu"
  • "Aashaadha Maasa Bandeetavva"
  • "Belliya Raja Baaro Kullara Raja Baa"
  • "Uttunga Naadininda Ondu Hudugi (Folk)"
  • "Nigi Ningee Ningi Ningee"
  • "Hottito Hottitu Kannadada Deepa"
  • "Udayavaagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Naadu"
  • "Bayaside Ninnanu Bhaavada Melake"
  • "Ellaadaru Iru, Entaadaru Iru"
  • "Karunaalu Baa Belake"
  • "Tungaa Teeradi Ninta Suyativara"
  • "Teraa Yeri Ambaradaage"
  • "Tunturu Alli Neera Haadu"
  • "Sarasada Ee Prati Nimisha"
  • "Amara Madhura Prema"
  • "Malli Malli Minchulli"
  • "Nanna Aase Hannaagi Nanna Baala Kannaade"
  • "Innu Hattiraa Hattiraa Baruveya"
  • "Radha Madhava Vinoda Haasa"
  • "Yaava Janmada Maitri"
  • "Kogile O Kogile"
  • "Naliyutaa Hrudaya Haadanu Haadide"
  • "Kogileye Kshemave"
  • "Santasa Araluva Samaya"
  • "Doni Sagali Munde Hogali"
  • "Mudala Maneya Muttina Neerina"
  • "Appaa I Love You Paa"
  • "Jenina Holeyo Haalina Maleyo"
  • "Naavaaduva Nudiye"
  • "Om Karadi Kande"
  • "Neela Megha Gaali Beesi"
  • "Ee Hasiru Siriyali Manavu Mereyali"
  • "Ee Sambhaashane"
  • "Baanallu Neene Bhuviyallu Neene"
  • "Yogi Manege Bandaa"
  • "Mella Mellane Bandane"
  • "Jayatu Jaya Viththala"
  • "O Pandu Ranga Prabho Viththala"
  • "Avatarisu Baa Narayana"
  • "Pillangoviya"
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Graha bhedam

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Mohanam's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 4 other major pentatonic rāgas, namely, Hindolam, Shuddha Saveri, Udayaravichandrika (also known as Shuddha Dhanyasi) and Madhyamavati. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāga. For more details and illustration of this concept refer Graha bhedam on Mohanam.

Scale similarities

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  • Mohanakalyani is a rāga which has the ascending scale of Mohanam and descending scale of Kalyani. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N3 D2 P M2 G3 R2 S
  • Bilahari is a rāga which has the ascending scale of Mohanam and descending scale of Sankarabharanam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N3 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S
  • Garudadhvani is a rāga which has the ascending scale of Sankarabharanam and descending scale of Mohanam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 S : S D2 P G3 R2 S
  • Shivaranjani rāga differs from Mohanam only by the gāndhāram. It uses sadharana gāndhāram instead of antara gāndhāram and its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G2 P D2 S : S D2 P G2 R2 S
  • Hamsadhvani rāga uses nishadam in place of dhaivatam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 P N3 S : S N3 P G3 R2 S
  • Vaasantha rāga differs from Mohanam only by the daivatham. It uses shudda Daivatham instead of Chatushruti Daivatham and its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 P D1 S : S D1 P G3 R2 S

Vasantha used Shudda Rishabham and not Shudda Daivatham

  • Niroshta rāga uses nishadam in place of panchamam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 D2 N3 S : S N3 D2 G3 R2 S

Notes

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  1. ^ Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: S R G P D Ṡ
    • Western: C D E G A C
  2. ^ Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: Ṡ D P G R S
    • Western: C A G E D C

References

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  1. ^ a b c Ragas in Carnatic music by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications
  2. ^ a b Raganidhi by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras
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