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This List of German architects covers German architects throughout history.

Before the early 20th century, the term Master Builder (German: Baumeister) referred to the central figure who lead construction projects in German-speaking countries and can be considered a direct precursor to both the terms architect and engineer.


Terminology

[edit]

Baumeister, Dombaumeister and Hofbaumeister

[edit]

The Master Builder German: Baumeister assumed the execution of building works of all kinds, including planning and construction management. The term is still a professional title in Austria and Switzerland today. In Germany, however, the term is longer used in its original meaning.

Historically, Master Builders were mostly skilled stonemasons, bricklayers, carpenters, and sometimes came from other professions such as plasterer. Their apprenticeship usually began at age 13. After their journeyman and apprenticeship exams, the candidate would then work as a travelling journeyman in the [Wanderjahre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), a tradition from medieval times that is still alive in German-speaking countries today. To gain the title of Master, they would be required to produce a masterpiece, the historic name for a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. Originally, the term masterpiece referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. Personal aptitude and perseverance were decisive for the successful pursuit of the business. Later came the [Baugewerkschulen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - analogous today to technical colleges - whose attendance was mandatory in order to obtain a master builder title. In the 19th century, Master Builders were responsible from design to implementation. They differed from today's "architect" in that they typically owned a construction company in addition to a Design Studio.

Dombauhütte (Cathedral building workshop)

master builder of cathedrals, or Baudommeister 

Tummaister (or "Cathedral Architect")

Baubeamter

[edit]

[Baubeamter] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is the old German word which means an architect, master builder, urban planner, civil engineer or mechanical engineer working specifically for the government from the 18th century until the early 20th century.

The Kingdom of Prussia divided its [Baubeamter] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) into 4 classifications: Bauräte: Chief Government Architect Bauinspektor: Building Inspector Regierungsbaumeister: Government Master Builder Regierungsbauführer: Government Construction Guid

In Prussia an additional layer of provincial government was common, with architects/engineering titles prefixed with [Landes-] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or [Provinzial-] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). Hence an architect at the provincial building inspector level would be called [Landesbauinspektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).

The Kingdom of Saxony used slightly different terminology: Oberlandbaumeister: Chief Architect of the State Landbaumeister: Provincial Architect Bauinspektor: Building Inspector Regierungsbaumeister: Government Master Builder


Time Periods

[edit]

mirrors the complexity of German history.

Art Nouveau

[edit]

Art Nouveau in Germany is commonly known by the term Jugendstil ("youth style" in English). The name is taken from the journal [Die Jugend] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth. It espoused the new artistic movement and was instrumental in promoting the style in Cenral Europe. During the early 20th century, the word was applied mainly to two-dimensional examples of the graphic arts,[1] Today Jugendstil is applied to all manifestations of Art Nouveau art and architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, the Baltic states, and Nordic countries.[2] The two main centers for Jugendstil in Germany were Munich and Darmstadt, in particular the Darmstadt Artists' Colony [Mathildenhöhe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)


  • [Tummaister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) of Regensburg "Cathedral Architect"
  • became [Baudommeister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "Master Builder of Cathedrals"
  • [Dombaumeister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
  • Oberingenieur (senior engineer) by Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, in 1684.
  • Ingenieur-Oberst (engineer colonel) within the General Staff.
  • Oberbaudirektor (senior architectural director)

Holy Roman Empire

[edit]
Image Name Life Primary Style Representative Work Notes Ref
b. d. Project c.
Bernward of Hildesheim 960c 1022 Ottonian Bernward Doors, Hildesheim Cathedral 1015 [3]
Master Gerhard 1210c 1275 Gothic Cologne Cathedral 1880 First master at Cologne. Work halted 1473, completed 1880 to original plan. [4]
[5]
Heinrich Parler The Elder 1310c 1377c Gothic Holy Cross, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1410 Founded the Parler family of master builders. [6]
[7]
Peter Parler 1333 1399 Gothic St. Vitus Cathedral, Prague 1929 Master of St. Vitus. Work continued by sons Johann and Wenzel. [8]
Johann Parler the Younger 1359 1405c Gothic St. Barbara's Church, Kutná Hora 1588 Also worked on St. Vitus Cathedral. [9]
Wenzel Parler 1360 1404 Gothic St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 1588 Also worked on St. Vitus Cathedral. [10]
Konrad Roriczer 1410 1477 Gothic Regensburg Cathedral 1520 Father of Mathes, master of Regensburg. [11]
Mathes Roriczer 1435c 1495 Gothic Son of Konrad, took over work at Regensburg. [12]
Jörg von Halsbach 1441c 1488 Gothic Frauenkirche, Munich 1494 [13]
Conrad Pflüger 1450c 1506c Gothic All Saints' Church, Wittenberg 1511 [Werkmeister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) to the Dukes of Saxony. [14]
Adam Kraft c1460 1509 Gothic St. Lorenz, Nuremberg 1496 Master builder and sculptor in and around Nuremburg. [15]
Jacob Haylmann 1475 1526 Renaissance St. Anne's Church, Annaberg-Buchholz 1525 Pioneer of early Renaissance in the Electorate of Saxony. [16]
Nikolaus Gromann 1500 1566 Renaissance Ducal Library, Weimar 1554 Master builder for John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony. [17]
Friedrich Sustris 1540 1599 Renaissance St. Michael's Church, Munich 1597 Italian-Dutch court architect for William V. [18]
Hans Krumpper 1570 1634 Renaissance Residenz, Munich 1615 Sculptor and intendant for William V and Maximilian I. [19]
Abraham van den Blocke 1572 1628 Renaissance Golden Gate, Gdańsk 1614 [20]
Elias Holl 1573 1646 Renaissance Augsburg Town Hall 1624 Most important architect of the late German Renaissance. [21]
[22]
Christoph Dientzenhofer 1655 1722 Bohemian Baroque Břevnov Monastery 1715 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque. [23]
Johann Arnold Nering 1659 1695 Baroque Charlottenburg Palace 1713 [Oberbaudirektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) for Brandenburg. [24]
[25]
Andreas Schlüter c1659 1714 Baroque Amber Room 1709 Active in Berlin, Poland, Saint Petersburg. Also a sculptor. [26]
Leonhard Dientzenhofer 1660 1707 Baroque Facade of Michaelsberg Abbey, Bamberg 1702 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque. [27]
Johann Adam Breunig 1660 1727 Baroque Town Hall, Speyer 1726 [28]
Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann 1662 1736 Baroque Zwinger Palace, Dresden 1728 Court architect for Augustus II the Strong [29]
Johann Dientzenhofer 1663 1726 Baroque Banz Abbey 1712 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque. [30]
George Bähr 1666 1738 Baroque Dresden Frauenkirche 1743 [31]
[32]
John von Collas 1678 1753 Baroque Finckenstein Palace 1720 French Huguenot who became a Prussian Royal Engineer
Dominikus Zimmermann 1685 1766 Rococo Wieskirche, Steingaden 1754 [33]
[34]
Cosmas Damian Asam 1686 1739 Baroque Asam Church, Munich 1746 His brother was Egid. Their joint projects are attributed Asam brothers. [35]
Balthasar Neumann 1687 1753 Baroque Würzburg Residence 1720 Military engineer who developed a refined Baroque style fusing many elements.
Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer 1689 1751 Bohemian Baroque St. Nicholas Church, Prague 1735 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque
Egid Quirin Asam 1692 1750 Baroque Johannikapelle, Freising Cathedral 1724 His brother was Cosmas. Their joint projects are attributed Asam brothers.
Anselm Franz von Ritter zu Groenesteyn 1692 1765 Baroque Bassenheimer Hof, Mainz 1750 Chamberlain, Hofmarschall, and Vicegerent of the Electorate of Mainz
Johann Michael FischerA 1692 1766 Rococo Zwiefalten Abbey 1747
François de Cuvilliés 1695 1768 Rococo Amalienburg, Munich 1739 Belgian-born Bavarian architect, instrumental in bringing Rococo to Central Europe.
Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff 1699 1753 Frederician Rococo Sanssouci, Potsdam 1769
Johann Gottfried Büring 1723 1788 Late Baroque New Palace, Potsdam 1769 Designed the last great Prussian baroque palace.
Carl von Gontard 1731 1791 Late Baroque Communs, Potsdam 1769 Took over work on the New Palace from Büring
Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe 1746 1816 Neo-classical St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig 1794 Also an etcher. [36]
[37]

Holy Roman Empire

[edit]
Name Image Life Primary Style Representative work Notes Ref
b. d. Project Year Image
Bernward of Hildesheim 960? 1022 Ottonian Bernward Doors, Hildesheim 1015 [38]
Master Gerhard 1210? 1275 Gothic Cologne Cathedral 1880 First master at Cologne. Work halted 1473, completed 1880 to original plan. [39]
[40]
Heinrich Parler The Elder
1310? 1377? Gothic Holy Cross, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1410 Founded the Parler family of master builders. [41]
[42]
Peter Parler 1333 1399 Gothic St. Vitus Cathedral 1929 Master of St. Vitus. Work continued by sons Johann and Wenzel. [43]
Johann Parler the Younger
1359 1405? Gothic St. Barbara's Church, Kutná Hora 1588 Also worked on St. Vitus Cathedral. [44]
Wenzel Parler
1360 1404 Gothic St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 1588 Also worked on St. Vitus Cathedral. [45]


Konrad Roriczer
1410 1477 Gothic Regensburg Cathedral 1520 Father of Mathes, master of Regensburg. [46]
Mathes Roriczer 1435? 1495 Gothic Son of Konrad, took over work at Regensburg. [47]
Jörg von Halsbach 1441? 1488 Gothic Frauenkirche, Munich 1494 [48]
Conrad Pflüger
1450? 1506? Gothic All Saints' Church, Wittenberg 1511 [Werkmeister] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) to the Dukes of Saxony. [49]
Adam Kraft c1460 1509 Gothic Tabernacle, St. Lorenz, Nuremberg 1496 Master builder and sculptor in and around Nuremburg. [50]
Jacob Haylmann
1475 1526 Renaissance St. Anne's Church, Annaberg-Buchholz 1525 Pioneer of early Renaissance in the Electorate of Saxony. [51]
Nikolaus Gromann
1500 1566 Renaissance Ducal Library, Weimar 1554 Master builder for John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony. [52]
Friedrich Sustris
1540 1599 Renaissance St. Michael's Church, Munich 1597 Italian-Dutch court architect for William V. [53]
Hans Krumpper
1570 1634 Renaissance Residenz, Munich 1615 Sculptor and intendant for William V and Maximilian I. [54]
Abraham van den Blocke
1572 1628 Renaissance Golden Gate, Gdańsk 1614 [55]
Elias Holl 1573 1646 Renaissance Augsburg Town Hall 1624 Most important architect of the late German Renaissance. [56]
[57]
Christoph Dientzenhofer
1655 1722 Bohemian Baroque Břevnov Monastery 1715 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque. [58]
Johann Arnold Nering
1659 1695 Baroque Charlottenburg Palace 1713 [Oberbaudirektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) for Brandenburg. [59]
[60]
Andreas Schlüter c1659 1714 Baroque Amber Room 1709 Active in Berlin, Poland, Saint Petersburg. Also a sculptor. [61]
Leonhard Dientzenhofer
1660 1707 Baroque Facade of Michaelsberg Abbey, Bamberg 1702 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque. [62]
Johann Adam Breunig 1660 1727 Baroque Town Hall, Speyer 1726 [63]
Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann 1662 1736 Baroque Zwinger Palace, Dresden 1728 Court architect for Augustus II the Strong [64]
Johann Dientzenhofer
1663 1726 Baroque Banz Abbey 1712 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque. [65]
George Bähr
1666 1738 Baroque Dresden Frauenkirche 1743 [66]
[67]
John von Collas 1678 1753 Baroque Finckenstein Palace 1720 French Huguenot who became a Prussian Royal Engineer
Dominikus Zimmermann
1685 1766 Rococo Wieskirche, Steingaden 1754 [68]
[69]
Cosmas Damian Asam 1686 1739 Baroque Asam Church, Munich 1746 His brother was Egid. Their joint projects are attributed Asam brothers. [70]
Balthasar Neumann 1687 1753 Baroque Würzburg Residence 1720 Military engineer who developed a refined Baroque style fusing many elements.
Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer 1689 1751 Bohemian Baroque St. Nicholas Church, Prague 1735 Family of leading architects of Bohemian and German Baroque
Egid Quirin Asam 1692 1750 Baroque Johannikapelle, Freising Cathedral 1724 His brother was Cosmas. Their joint projects are attributed Asam brothers.
Anselm Franz von Ritter zu Groenesteyn
1692 1765 Baroque Bassenheimer Hof, Mainz 1750 Chamberlain, Hofmarschall, and Vicegerent of the Electorate of Mainz
Johann Michael FischerA 1692 1766 Rococo Zwiefalten Abbey 1747
François de Cuvilliés
1695 1768 Rococo Amalienburg, Munich 1739 Belgian-born Bavarian architect, instrumental in bringing Rococo to Central Europe.
Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff 1699 1753 Frederician Rococo Sanssouci, Potsdam 1769
Johann Gottfried Büring
1723 1788 Late Baroque New Palace, Potsdam 1769 Designed the last great Prussian baroque palace.
Carl von Gontard 1731 1791 Late Baroque Communs, Potsdam 1769 Took over work on the New Palace from Büring
Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe
1746 1816 Neo-classical Interior of St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig 1794 Also an etcher. [71]
[72]

German Confederation to Empire

[edit]
Name Image Life Architectural Styles Representative Work Ref (s)
b. d. Project Year Image
Carl Gotthard Langhans 1732 1808 Neoclassical Brandenburg Gate, Berlin 1791
Frederick William von Erdmannsdorff 1736 1800 Neoclassical,
Neo-Gothic
Schloss Wörlitz 1773
Friedrich Weinbrenner 1766 1826 Neoclassical Evangelische Stadtkirche, Karlsruhe 1816
Paul Ludwig Simon 1771 1815 Neoclassical Palais Wilhelmstraße 76
Friedrich Gilly 1772 1800 Neoclassical Frieze on the Alte Münze,
Berlin
1800
Karl Friedrich Schinkel 1781 1841 Neoclassical, Neo-Gothic Altes Museum,
Berlin
1821
Leo von Klenze 1784 1864 Neoclassical Walhalla,
Regensburg
1842
Friedrich von Gärtner 1791 1847 Neoclassical, Romanesque revival Royal Palace,
Athens
1843
Heinrich Hübsch 1795 1863 Rundbogenstil Westwerk of Speyer Cathedral 1858
Gottfried Semper 1803 1879 Neoclassical, Renaissance revival Semperoper,
Dresden
1878
August Soller 1805 1853 Rundbogenstil St. Michael's Church,
Berlin
1861
Friedrich August Stüler 1800 1865 Schinkel school Neues Museum,
Berlin
1855
Friedrich Ludwig Persius 1803 1845 Schinkel school Schloss Babelsberg, Potsdam 1845
Heinrich Strack 1805 1880 Schinkel school Berlin Victory Column,
Berlin
1874
Richard Lucae 1829 1877 Historicism Alte Oper,
Frankfurt
1880


Friedrich Adler
Ferdinand von Arnim
Charles Bartberger
August von Bayer
Richard Bohn
Carl Boos
Harald Julius von Bosse
Karl Bötticher
Friedrich Bürklein
Rudolf Burnitz
Carl Busse
Cremer & Wolffenstein
Oswald Dietz
Ernst Dircksen
Georg von Dollmann
Joseph Elsner
Hermann Ende
Karl Etzel
Friedrich von Gärtner
Franz Christian Gau
Hermann Gemmel
Albert Geutebrück
Karl Gildemeister
Martin Gropius
Carl Haller von Hallerstein
Martin Haller
Wilhelm von Hanno
August Hartel
Conrad Wilhelm Hase
Wilhelm Hauers
Friedrich Maximilian Hessemer
Theodore Heuck
Friedrich Hitzig
Ludwig Hoffmann
Philipp Hoffmann
Heinrich Hübsch
Hermann von der Hude
Carl Humann
Christian Jank
Frederick Kawerau
Leo von Klenze
Eduard Knoblauch
Moritz Landé
Ludwig Lange
Carl Ferdinand Langhans
Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves
Christian Friedrich von Leins
Constantin Lipsius
Adolf Lohse
Alfred Messel
Eduard Mezger
Georg Moller
Georg Hermann Nicolai
Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret
Carl Theodor Ottmer
August Pieper
Jacob Ephraim Polzin
Johann Poppe
Domenico Quaglio the Younger
Eduard Riedel
Albrecht Rosengarten
Alexander Saeltzer
Carl Scheppig
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Heinrich Ernst Schirmer
Heino Schmieden
Franz Heinrich Schwechten
Gottfried Semper
August Soller
Vincenz Statz
Georg Steenke
Heinrich Strack
Friedrich August Stüler
Gottlob Friedrich Thormeyer
Carl Tietz
Georg Gottlob Ungewitter
August von Voit
Gabriel von Seidl
Paul Wallot
Friedrich Weinbrenner
Johann Peter Weyer
Rudolf Wiegmann
Wilhelm Johann Karl Zahn
Ernst Ziller
Ernst Friedrich Zwirner



20th century

[edit]
Name Image Life Architectural Styles Representative Work Ref (s)
b. d. Project Year Image
Theodor Fischer 1862 1938 Historicism Main building, University of Jena
Otto March 1845 1913 Neoclassicism Deutsches Stadion,
Berlin
1913
Alfred Messel 1853 1909 Neue Moderne Pergamon Museum,
Berlin
1930
Peter Behrens 1868 1940 Neue Moderne AEG turbine factory,
Berlin
1909
Hans Poelzig 1869 1936 Neue Moderne IG Farben Building,
Frankfurt
1931


Martin Wagner 1885 1857 Modernism Berlin Modernism Housing Estates 1931

Third Reich

[edit]

The National Socialist period was especially complex for architecture and architects, as with all professions in Germany. In April 1933, shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, all government institutions and universities became subject to the "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service." Political opponents and especially Jewish employees were expelled from their jobs. Hundreds of architects were forced to emigrate by the dictatorship, many travelling to the United Kingdom and the United States. These were not only prominent modernists like Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn, Erwin Gutkind, Arthur Korn and Marcel Breuer, but also less well known traditionalists. A few successfully managed to regain a foothold in their new environments, while for others exile meant the end of their career.[73]

At the same time, the Third Reich began a massive building program. Nazi architecture is the term applied to the architectural style and theory sanctioned by the regime. It is characterized by three forms: a stripped-down, monumental neoclassicism typified by the designs of Albert Speer; a vernacular style that drew upon traditional rural architecture and the völkisch movement; and a utilitarian style used in major infrastructure and military complexes such as the Autobahn and the Atlantic Wall.[74] Characteristic of the style was a rejection of "modernity" exemplified by the Bauhaus, which the Nazi's called the "the cathedral of Marxism."

While not all architects who worked in Germany during this period were Nazis, many acquiesced to the regime in order to continue to work, and the most ardent set up a para-governmental propaganda unit called the [Kampfbund deutscher Architekten und Ingenieure (KDAI)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). These architects actively attacked the modern style in openly racist and political tones.

NSDAP member

Name Image Life Architectural Styles Representative Work Ref
b. d. Project/City f. Image
Paul Schultze-Naumburg 1869 1949 Important advocate of Nazi architecture, leading critic of Modernism. Cecilienhof,
Potsdam
1917
Eugen Hönig 1873 1945 Nazi architecture Zum schönen Turm,
Munich
1914
Alexander von Senger
1880 1968 Swiss architect, theorist. Head of the Munich Architecture School from 1934. Headquarters of Swiss Re, Zürich 1918 [75]
German Bestelmeyer 1874 1942 Nazi architecture Luftwaffe Gaukommando, Munich 1936
Paul Ludwig Troost 1878 1934 Nazi architecture Führerbau,
Munich
1934
Roderich Fick
1886 1955 Nazi architecture Kehlsteinhaus,
Berchtesgaden
Fritz Todt 1891 1942 Nazi architecture Reichsautobahn 1935 [76]
Werner March 1894 1976 Neoclassicism Olympiastadion,
Berlin
1936 [77]
Hermann Giesler 1898 1987 Nazi architecture Ordensburg Sonthofen 1934
Hermann Bartels
1900 1989 Nazi architecture Wewelsburg 1934
Arno Breker 1900 1991 Nazi architecture New Reich Chancellery 1939
Rudolf Wolters 1903 1983 Nazi architecture [Prachtallee] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Welthauptstadt Germania 1939
Albert Speer 1905 1981 Adolf Hitler's chief architect. Armaments Minister after 1942. Convicted war criminal 1946, released 1966. New Reich Chancellery 1939

Postwar

[edit]
Name Image Life Architectural Styles Representative Work Ref (s)
b. d. Project/City Year Image
Walter Gropius 1883 1969 Bauhaus Bauhaus,
Dessau
1926
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1886 1969 Internationalism Seagram Building,
New York
1958
Hans Scharoun 1893 1972 Organic, Expressionist Berliner Philharmonie,
Berlin
1956


Historicism

[edit]

Architectural realism

[edit]

Jugendstil (Art Nouveau)

[edit]
Gorch-Fock-Halle, Finkenwerder

Traditionalism

[edit]

Expressionism

[edit]

Neue Moderne

[edit]

Bauhaus

[edit]

Internationalism

[edit]
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion – the German pavilion at the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition in Barcelona, Spain – is one of the most influential pieces of German architecture

Deconstructivism

[edit]

High tech

[edit]
  • Frei Otto (1925–2015) – also a research scientist

Eco tec

[edit]

Contemporary modernist

[edit]

Sustainable architecture

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
^A Not to be confused with a sculptor of the same name from Dillingen, Bavaria (1717-1801)

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ A. Philip McMahon, "review of F. Schmalenbach, Jugendstil", Parnassus, vol. 7 (Oct., 1935), 27.
  2. ^ Michèle Lavallée, "Art Nouveau", Grove Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press [accessed 11 April 2008].
  3. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2008). "St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church at Hildesheim." Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
  4. ^ Herbert Rode (1964), "Gerhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 6, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 272–272
  5. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2008). "Cologne Cathedral." Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
  6. ^ Klemm, Alfred (1887), "Parler", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 25, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 177–182
  7. ^ Schock-Werner, Barbara (2001), "Parler, Heinrich", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 70–71; (full text online)
  8. ^ Ultracobalt/sandbox/2 in the German National Library catalogue
  9. ^ Barbara Schock-Werner (2001), "Parler, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 73; (full text online)
  10. ^ Barbara Schock-Werner (2001), "Parler, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 20, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 73; (full text online)
  11. ^ Frankl, Paul (1960). "The Gothic: Literary Sources and Interpretations through Eight Centuries." Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 916.
  12. ^ Heideloff, Thoenes (1852): "The little Old German (Goth) or the foundations of the old German style of building: for use by Architects and Stonemasons, in particular for teaching establishments." Architectural Theory: From the Renaissance to the Present 89 Essays on 117 Treatises. (in English). B. Evers and C. Thoenes, Kunstbibliothek Berlin (eds). Cologne: Taschen GmbH (Reprint 2003). pp. 642–647. ISBN 978-3822816998.
  13. ^ Norbert Knopp (1974), "Jörg von Halsbach", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 10, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 459; (full text online)
  14. ^ Gurlitt, Conrad (1903): "Die Kunstdenkmäler Dresdens." Issues 21-23 of Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Sachsen C.C. Meinhold & Söhne. p. 12
  15. ^ Gothic and Renaissance art in Nuremberg, 1300-1550. Munich New York: Prestel-Verlag Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986. Print. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-87099-466-1
  16. ^ Klaus Mertens (1969), "Heilmann, Jakob", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 8, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 261–262; (full text online)
  17. ^ Walther Scheidig (1966), "Gromann, Nikolaus", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 7, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 125–126; (full text online)
  18. ^ Joseph Eduard Wessely (1894), "Sustris, Friedrich", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 37, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 195–196
  19. ^ Dorothea Diemer (1982), "Krumper, Johann", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 13, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 125–127; (full text online)
  20. ^ Gerhard Eimer (1955), "Block, Abraham", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 2, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 309–310; (full text online)
  21. ^ Robert Dohme (1880), "Holl, Elias", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 12, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 744–746
  22. ^ Norbert Lieb (1972), "Holl, Elias", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 9, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 531–532; (full text online)
  23. ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Christoph Dientzenhofer", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 648–649; (full text online)
  24. ^ von Donop (1886), "Nering, Arnold", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 431–435
  25. ^ Dorothee Nehring (1999), "Nering, Arnold", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 19, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 64–65; (full text online)
  26. ^ nach älteren Quellen angeblich am 20. Mai 1664 in Hamburg als Sohn des Bildhauers Gerhart Schlüter geboren - Andreas Schlüter, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 55, Leipzig 1910, S. 184–194.
  27. ^ Heinrich Gerhard Franz (1957), "Dientzenhofer, Leonhard", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 651; (full text online)
  28. ^ "Breunig, Johann" in Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg State Statistics Office official site. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
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