dunkel
English
[edit]![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paulaner.jpg/220px-Paulaner.jpg)
Etymology
[edit]Noun
[edit]dunkel (countable and uncountable, plural dunkels)
- A type of dark German lager, typically ranging in color from amber to dark reddish brown, and characterized by its smooth malty flavor.
- 1994, A Stomach for Dissent: The Life of Raymond Postgate, 1896-1971, Keele University Press, page 168:
- I drank dunkel export beer in the Bier Halle where all the girls were called Therese;
- 1997, The New Brewer, page 120:
- Recently, for instance, he brewed all dunkels for a period, only with different yeast strains.
- 2008, The Beer Book, DK, page 104:
- Bavarian dunkels are deep reddish-brown in colour.
- 2014, Gavin D. Smith, Beer: A Global History (The Edible Series), Reaktion Books, →ISBN:
- Dunkels tend to be moderately hopped, made using dark malts, and offer malty, toffee, chocolate flavours. While weissbiers, helles and dunkels are not actually indigenous to Germany, altbier has its origins around the city of Düsseldorf, […].
Further reading
[edit]Danish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]dunkel (neuter dunkelt, plural and definite singular attributive dunkle, comparative dunklere, superlative (predicative) dunklest, superlative (attributive) dunkleste)
- dark (with connotations of sinisterness)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “dunkel” in Den Danske Ordbog
German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German tunkel, from Old High German tunkal, tuncal (“dark”), from Proto-Germanic *dunkalaz (“dark”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʷ- (“to smoke, fume”). The modern consonantism is Central and Low German (compare Middle Low German dunker, also dunkel). Cognate to Dutch donker (“dark”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]dunkel (strong nominative masculine singular dunkler, comparative dunkler or (alternatively in Austria) dünkler, superlative am dunkelsten)
- (of light, colour) dark
- Antonym: hell
- Im Winter wird es früher dunkel.
- In the winter, it gets dark earlier.
- Das dunkle Rot gefällt mir besser.
- I like the dark red better.
- (of sound) deep
- (of memory, ideas) vague, faint
- Ich habe nur dunkle Erinnerungen an meine Großmutter.
- I have only faint memories of my grandmother.
Usage notes
[edit]- The comparative form dünkler is an equal variant of dunkler in Austrian German.
Declension
[edit]- With contractions (normal form):
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist dunkel | sie ist dunkel | es ist dunkel | sie sind dunkel | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | dunkler | dunkle | dunkles | dunkle |
genitive | dunklen | dunkler | dunklen | dunkler | |
dative | dunklem | dunkler | dunklem | dunklen | |
accusative | dunklen | dunkle | dunkles | dunkle | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der dunkle | die dunkle | das dunkle | die dunklen |
genitive | des dunklen | der dunklen | des dunklen | der dunklen | |
dative | dem dunklen | der dunklen | dem dunklen | den dunklen | |
accusative | den dunklen | die dunkle | das dunkle | die dunklen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein dunkler | eine dunkle | ein dunkles | (keine) dunklen |
genitive | eines dunklen | einer dunklen | eines dunklen | (keiner) dunklen | |
dative | einem dunklen | einer dunklen | einem dunklen | (keinen) dunklen | |
accusative | einen dunklen | eine dunkle | ein dunkles | (keine) dunklen |
1Alternatively in Austria.
- Without contractions (now nonstandard and extremely rare):
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist dunkel | sie ist dunkel | es ist dunkel | sie sind dunkel | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | dunkeler | dunkele | dunkeles | dunkele |
genitive | dunkelen | dunkeler | dunkelen | dunkeler | |
dative | dunkelem | dunkeler | dunkelem | dunkelen | |
accusative | dunkelen | dunkele | dunkeles | dunkele | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der dunkele | die dunkele | das dunkele | die dunkelen |
genitive | des dunkelen | der dunkelen | des dunkelen | der dunkelen | |
dative | dem dunkelen | der dunkelen | dem dunkelen | den dunkelen | |
accusative | den dunkelen | die dunkele | das dunkele | die dunkelen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein dunkeler | eine dunkele | ein dunkeles | (keine) dunkelen |
genitive | eines dunkelen | einer dunkelen | eines dunkelen | (keiner) dunkelen | |
dative | einem dunkelen | einer dunkelen | einem dunkelen | (keinen) dunkelen | |
accusative | einen dunkelen | eine dunkele | ein dunkeles | (keine) dunkelen |
Derived terms
[edit]Verb
[edit]dunkel
- inflection of dunkeln:
Further reading
[edit]- “dunkel” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
- “dunkel” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
- “dunkel” in Duden online
Norwegian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Low German (compare Middle Low German dunker, also dunkel). Cognate to Dutch donker (“dark”).
Adjective
[edit]1=t 2=dunkle 3=dunklere 4=dunklest 5=dunklestePlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
dunkel
Further reading
[edit]Pennsylvania German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare German dunkel, Dutch donker.
Adjective
[edit]dunkel
Synonyms
[edit]Plautdietsch
[edit]Adjective
[edit]dunkel
Derived terms
[edit]Swedish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from German dunkel, from Proto-Germanic *dunkalaz. Cognate with Old Norse døkkr.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Adjective
[edit]dunkel (comparative dunklare, superlative dunklast)
- dark, dim
- (figurative) obscure, opaque, abstruse
- (figurative) dubious
Declension
[edit]Inflection of dunkel | |||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative2 |
Common singular | dunkel | dunklare | dunklast |
Neuter singular | dunkelt | dunklare | dunklast |
Plural | dunkla | dunklare | dunklast |
Masculine plural3 | dunkle | dunklare | dunklast |
Definite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
Masculine singular1 | dunkle | dunklare | dunklaste |
All | dunkla | dunklare | dunklaste |
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. 3) Dated or archaic |
Noun
[edit]dunkel n
Declension
[edit]Declension of dunkel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Uncountable | ||||
Indefinite | Definite | |||
Nominative | dunkel | dunklet | — | — |
Genitive | dunkels | dunklets | — | — |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- English terms borrowed from German
- English terms derived from German
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English countable nouns
- English terms with quotations
- en:Beer
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish lemmas
- Danish adjectives
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- German terms derived from Middle Low German
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio links
- German lemmas
- German adjectives
- German terms with usage examples
- German non-lemma forms
- German verb forms
- Norwegian terms derived from Middle Low German
- Norwegian lemmas
- Norwegian adjectives
- Pennsylvania German lemmas
- Pennsylvania German adjectives
- Plautdietsch lemmas
- Plautdietsch adjectives
- Swedish terms borrowed from German
- Swedish terms derived from German
- Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Swedish terms with audio links
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish adjectives
- Swedish nouns
- Swedish neuter nouns