Aquaponics

  

Aquaponics is a food production system that couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as fish, crayfish, snails or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) whereby the nutrient-rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponically grown plants.^[1]

As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the basis of all aquaponic systems, the size, complexity, and types of foods grown in an aquaponic system can vary as much as any system found in either distinct farming discipline.^[2]

Azụ, osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ bụ isi ihe atọ dị na aquaponics, ụmụ ahụhụ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ịgbanwe ihe mkpofu azụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-edozi ahụ. Ụdị atọ dị mkpa nke ụdị aquaponic nke oge a bụ mmiri miri emi ma ọ bụ "raft", teknụzụ ihe nkiri na-edozi ahụ "NFT", na akwa mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ usoro nzaghachi.^[3]

The media-based grow bed is a hydroponic trough filled with inert substrate serving as root support and microbial substrate. The water is commonly supplied in an ebb and flow pattern, ensuring sequential nutrition and aeration.

Usoro DWC nwere nnukwu olulu mmiri nwere oghere na-ese n'elu mmiri, ebe a na-etinye ite osisi. N'ime usoro DWC, a na-ejikarị mgbasa ozi jupụta ite osisi ndị a, dị ka nkume, akị bekee ma ọ bụ pumice nke na-akwado mgbọrọgwụ, nke a na-etinye mgbe niile na tankị mmiri.

The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) nwere ọwa dị warara nke ọkpọkọ nwere oghere ebe a na-etinye mgbọrọgwụ n'ime mmiri na-asọ asọ.

Integrated Aqua-Vegeculture System (iAVs) bụ usoro ọzọ nke na-eji ájá dị ka isi ihe maka nzacha igwe, biofiltration, na uto ihe ọkụkụ.

Aquaponics nwere mgbọrọgwụ oge ochie, ọ bụ ezie na enwere arụmụka banyere mmalite ya.

Aquaponics has been said to have evolved from relatively ancient agriculture practices associated with integrating fish culture with plant production, especially those developed within the South East Asian, flooded rice paddy farming context and South American Chinampa, floating island, agriculture practices (Komives and Junge 2015). In reality, historically, fish were rarely actively added to rice paddy fields until the nineteenth century (Halwart and Gupta 2004) and were present in very low densities which would not contribute to any substantial nutritive assistance to the plants. Chinampas were traditionally built on lakes in Mexico where nutrient advantages may have been supplied via the eutrophic or semi-eutrophic lake sediments rather than directly from any designed or actively integrated fish production system (Morehart 2016; Baquedano 1993). ^[4]

• Aztec na-akọ ugbo n'àgwàetiti ndị a maara dị ka chinampas na usoro nke ụfọdụ ndị weere dị ka ụdị mbụ nke aquaponics maka iji ọrụ ugbo eme ihe, ^[5] about="#mwt103" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-8","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rogosa&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Eli&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;How does aquaponics work?&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.growseed.org/aquaponics.html&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;April 24, 2013&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20130525105020/http://www.growseed.org/aquaponics.html&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;May 25, 2013&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA0s\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt100\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFRogosa\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Rogosa, Eli. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.growseed.org/aquaponics.html\" id=\"mwA0w\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"How does aquaponics work?\"</a>. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525105020/http://www.growseed.org/aquaponics.html\" id=\"mwA00\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA04\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA08\">April 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite>"}}' id="cite_ref-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Aquaponics#cite_note-8 [2]] ebe a zụlitere osisi na agwaetiti ndị kwụ otu ebe (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-agagharị agagharị) n'ime ọdọ mmiri na ihe mkpofu ndị a na-adọpụta site na ọwa Chinampa na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu iji aka gbaa osisi ahụ mmiri.^[6]
• Ndịda China na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia dum, ebe a na-akụ osikapa ma na-akụ ya n'Ubi paddy na azụ̀, a na-ekwu maka ha dị ka ihe atụ nke usoro aquaponics mbụ, ọ bụ ezie na ndị China bi na Yunnan kwagara na 5 AD wetara teknụzụ ahụ.^[7] Usoro ọrụ ugbo a dị iche iche dị n'ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa ma zụlite azụ dị ka Loach nke ọwụwa anyanwụ (泥, ド, ド, swamp eel, common carp (, コイ) na crucian carp (ī魚) yana ọdọ mmiri snails (田螺) na paddies.^{[8][9][10][11]}
• Akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọrụ ugbo nke China nke narị afọ nke 13 bụ Wang Zhen's Book on Farming (王z農書) kọwara ụgbọ mmiri osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri nke e ji apịtị na unyi mee ihe maka ịzụlite osikapa, Osikapa ọhịa, na nri anụ. A na-eji ndị ọrụ ugbo dị otú ahụ na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ógbè ndị mejupụtara mpaghara Jiangsu, Zhejiang, na Fujian nke oge a. A maara ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-ese n'elu mmiri dị ka Jiatian (架田) ma ọ bụ fengtian, nke na-asụgharị "paddy" na "brassica paddy", n'otu n'otu. Ọrụ ugbo ahụ na-ezo aka n'ihe odide ndị China gara aga, nke gosipụtara na a na-eji ubi osikapa na-ese n'elu mmiri eme ihe dị ka oge Ọchịchị Tang (narị afọ nke isii) na oge Ọchịchị Northern Song (narị nke asatọ) nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China.^[12]

A rụnyere usoro aquaponics na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri azụ polycultural na China n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ọtụtụ. A na-eji ha akụ osikapa, ọka wit na canna lily na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, na ụfọdụ ntinye karịrị 2.5 acres (10,000 m2. ^[13]

A na-eji usoro agwakọta nke aquaculture na ọrụ ugbo ebe a na-akụ azụ na ubi osikapa na mpaghara North Kerian nke Perak na Peninsular Malaysia kemgbe afọ 1930. A na-akọkwa ọtụtụ usoro osikapa nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na Indonesia.

N'afọ 1977, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Germany bụ Ludwig C.A. Naegel nyere aka n'ọhịa aquaponics site na mbipụta ya 'Combined Production of Fish and Plants in Recirculating Water'. Ọrụ ahụ gosipụtara nnwale na co-cultivation nke tilapia na tomato, na-egosi ịdị irè nke usoro recirculating nke na-akwado ma azụ na mmepụta osisi. ^[15] Nnyocha a so na mbọ ndị nchọpụta zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eme iji mepụta usoro aquaponics nke oge a.

Balarin na Haller mere nnyocha banyere usoro okpomọkụ nke usoro aquaponic, na-enyocha mmetụta nke okpomọkụ mmiri dịgasị iche na ọnụego uto nke azụ na osisi.^[16]

Na mmepe nke usoro biofiltration n'ime aquaponics, Muir, Paller, na Lewis webatara reciprocating biofilters (RBFs). Biofilters ndị a mere ka arụmọrụ nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ site na osisi ma belata nchịkọta nke metabolites na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri . 

Watten na Busch nyere aka na nghọta nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na usoro aquaponic. Nnyocha ha banyere njikọta nke osisi vascular n'ime usoro aquaculture (RAS) gosipụtara otu osisi nwere ike isi wepụta ihe oriri karịrị akarị na mmiri.^[17]

Tupu ọganihu teknụzụ nke afọ 1980, ọtụtụ mgbalị iji jikọta hydroponics na aquaculture enwechaghị ihe ịga nke ọma.^[18] Ọtụtụ n'ime mmepe nke oge a na nchọpụta nke aquaponics na-abụkarị nke New Alchemy Institute na North Carolina State University.^[19][20]

N'afọ 1969, John na Nancy Todd na William McLarney guzobere New Alchemy Institute ma wuo ihe yiri usoro aquaponic nke Aztec (nke nwere mgbanwe ụfọdụ) iji nye ebe obibi, akwụkwọ nri, na azụ n'afọ niile.^[20] N'afọ 1984, Ronald Zweig nke New Alchemy Institute mepụtara usoro ọ kpọrọ 'ọdọ mmiri aquaculture hydroponic', nke a na-akpọkwa 'ọdọ mmiri anyanwụ hydroponic.' Usoro a jikọtara akụkụ hydroponic na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri anyanwụ dị ugbu a nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ usoro ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-ese na-ese mmiri bụ ntọala maka ihe mechara mara dị ka ọdịbendị mmiri miri emi.

Mark McMurtry na ndị ọzọ na Mahadum Steeti North Carolina chepụtara Integrated Aqua-Vegeculture System (iAVs). Usoro a, nke na-ejikọta aquaculture na ájá na-eto eto, ^[21] na-anọchite anya otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ nke usoro aquaponic mechiri emechi. ^[22]

N'afọ 1979, James Rakocy na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Mahadum nke Virgin Islands malitere ịnwale ihe ndina mgbasa ozi na aquaponics. Na mbido, usoro ahụ na-eji akwa gravel maka uto osisi, n'akụkụ tankị na-edozi ihe iji chịkọta nnukwu ihe mkpofu, na tankị dị iche maka ebe obibi azụ.^[23] N'afọ 1986, ha malitere ịnwale ojiji nke ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri nke e ji polystyrene rụọ.^[14] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1997, nchọpụta Rakocy emeela ka a nabata ọdịbendị Mmiri miri emi (DWC) hydroponic na-eto eto na nnukwu usoro aquaponic.^[24]

Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya na nyocha ha na usoro a maara dị ka "ebb na-asọ," ma ọ bụ "mmiri na mmiri". Usoro ndị a na-eji mgbasa ozi siri ike dị ka gravel ma ọ bụ ụrọ gbasaa, yana mgbịrịgba na-eme ka usoro ịgba mmiri dị mfe ^[25] A na-akpọ usoro ndị a mgbe ụfọdụ "Speraneo Systems," dịka a na-akpọ ha aha Tom na Paula Speraneo, bụ ndị mepụtara ma ree akwụkwọ ntuziaka na 1990s ^[26] dabere na usoro ndị e mepụtara site na echiche mbụ nke McMurtry na North Carolina State University na otu nyocha iAVs guzobere.^[27]

Nnyocha aquaponics mbụ na Canada bụ obere usoro agbakwunyere na nyocha aquaculture dị na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na Lethbridge, Alberta. Canada hụrụ ịrị elu nke usoro aquaponics n'ime '90s, karịsịa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa na-azụlite ihe ọkụkụ bara uru dị ka trout na lettuce. E wuru ntọala dabere na usoro mmiri miri emi mepụtara na Mahadum nke Virgin Islands n'ụlọ okpomọkụ na Brooks, Alberta ebe Dr. Nick Savidov na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nyochara aquaponics site na nzụlite nke sayensị osisi. Ndị otu ahụ mere nchọpụta banyere uto mgbọrọgwụ ngwa ngwa na usoro aquaponics na imechi loop siri ike ma chọpụta na, n'ihi uru ụfọdụ na usoro ahụ karịa aquaculture ọdịnala, usoro ahụ nwere ike ịgba ọsọ nke ọma na ọkwa pH dị ala, nke osisi na-enwe mmasị ma ọ bụghị azụ.   ^{[citation needed]}

Okwu ahụ, "aquaponics," malitere ịpụta na utu aha maka akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na ngwụcha afọ 1990. Tupu nke a, a na-akpọ aquaponics na 1970s na 1980s site na aha ndị dị ka "hydroponic aquaculture pond," "hydroponian solar pond," ""integrated agriculture," "integrated aquacultura," "integrated fish culture hydroponic vegetable production system," na "Integrated Aqua-Vegiculture System (IAVS).

Aquaponics nwere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa, na akụkụ aquaculture maka ịzụlite anụmanụ mmiri na akụkụ hydroponics maka ịzụlite osisi.^[28][29] Mmiri na-esi n'ime mmiri, nke sitere na nri a na-erighị eri ma ọ bụ ịzụlite anụmanụ dị ka azụ, na-agbakọta na mmiri n'ihi usoro mechiri emechi nke ọtụtụ usoro aquaculture. Mmiri jupụtara na nsị na-aghọ ihe na-egbu egbu nye anụmanụ mmiri n'ọtụtụ mana nke a nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka uto osisi.^[28] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-agụnye akụkụ abụọ a, a na-ejikarị usoro aquaponics n'ime ọtụtụ ihe ma ọ bụ subsystems na-ahụ maka iwepụ ihe mkpofu siri ike, maka ịgbakwunye ntọala iji gbochie acid, ma ọ bụ maka idebe ikuku oxygenation.^[28] Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:

• Tanka ịzụlite: tankị maka ịzụlite na inye azụ nri;
• Ebe obibi: otu maka ijide nri a na-erighị eri na biofilms ndị e wepụrụ, na maka idozi obere ihe;
• Biofilter: ebe nje bacteria nitrification nwere ike itolite ma gbanwee ammonia na nitrates, nke osisi nwere ike iji mee ihe; ^[28]
• Hydroponics subsystem: akụkụ nke usoro ebe a na-etolite osisi site na ịmịkọrọ ihe oriri karịrị akarị site na mmiri.
• Sump: ebe kachasị ala na usoro ahụ ebe mmiri na-aga ma na-esi na ya na-agbanyeghachi na tankị ịzụlite.

Dabere na mgbagwoju anya na ọnụahịa nke usoro aquaponics, enwere ike ijikọta nkeji maka iwepụ ihe siri ike, biofiltration, na / ma ọ bụ subsystem hydroponics n'ime otu unit ma ọ bụ subsystem, ^[28] nke na-egbochi mmiri ịpụ kpọmkwem site na akụkụ aquaculture nke usoro ahụ gaa na akụkụ hydroponics. Site n'iji gravel ma ọ bụ ájá dị ka ihe na-akwado osisi, a na-ejide ihe siri ike ma ihe na-ejikọta ya nwere ebe zuru ezu maka nitrification na-adịgide adịgide.^[28] Ikike ijikọta biofiltration na hydroponics na-enye ohere maka usoro aquaponic, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, iji wepụ mkpa maka biofilter dị oke ọnụ, dị iche.^[30]

Ọtụtụ osisi dabara adaba maka usoro aquaponic, ọ bụ ezie na nke na-arụ ọrụ maka otu usoro dabere na ntozu okè na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke azụ. Ihe ndị a na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na-edozi ahụ site na nsị azụ na ole ihe ndị ahụ na-edochi ahụ na-enweta na mgbọrọgwụ osisi site na nje bacteria.

akwụkwọ nri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke nwere ihe oriri dị ala na nke dị n'etiti na-eme nke ọma na usoro aquaponic, gụnyere Chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, spinach, chives, herbs, na watercress.^[29][31]

Osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka tomato, cucumbers, na ose, nwere ihe oriri dị elu ma ga-eme nke ọma naanị na usoro aquaponic tozuru etozu nwere nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ.^[31]

Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na salad nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma kachasị na aquaponics, gụnyere cucumbers, chalots, tomato, lettuce, capsicum, red salad onions na snow peas.^[32]

Ụfọdụ osisi ndị bara uru maka usoro aquaponic gụnyere Chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, roses, tomato, okra, Cantaaloupe na bell peppers.^[29]

Ụdị akwụkwọ nri na / ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eto nke ọma na usoro aquaponic gụnyere watercress, basil, Coriander, parsley, lemongrass, sage, beans, peas, kohlrabi, taro, Pomegranate, radishes, strawberries, melons, onions, turnips, parsnips, sweet poteto, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, na eggplant yana choys a na-eji eme ihe. ^[32]

Azụ mmiri dị ọcha bụ anụmanụ mmiri kachasị ewu ewu nke a zụlitere site na iji aquaponics n'ihi ikike ha nwere ịnagide mkpakọ. A na-ejikwa crayfish na prawns mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ, ^{[33] [28]} ka ha na-ewepụta nsị na-edozi ahụ. E nwere alaka nke aquaponics na-eji azụ mmiri nnu, nke a na-akpọ saltwater aquaponics. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị azụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri oyi nke na-eme nke ọma na usoro aquaculture.

N'omume, tilapia bụ azụ kachasị ewu ewu maka ụlọ na ọrụ azụmahịa nke e bu n'uche ịzụlite azụ a na-eri eri n'ihi na ọ bụ ụdị azụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere ike ịnagide ikpo na mgbanwe ọnọdụ mmiri.^[31] A na-ejikwa Barramundi, silver perch, eel-tailed catfish ma ọ bụ tandanus catfish, Jade perch na Murray cod.^[29] Maka ihu igwe dị jụụ mgbe enweghị ikike ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ ịnọgide na-enwe okpomọkụ mmiri, bluegill na Catfish bụ ụdị azụ kwesịrị ekwesị maka usoro ụlọ.

Enwere ike iji Koi na goldfish mee ihe, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị mkpa ka a rie azụ dị na usoro ahụ.

Azụ ndị ọzọ dabara adaba gụnyere channel catfish, rainbow trout, Perch, common carp, Arctic char, largemouth bass na striped bass.^[31]

Nitrification, the aerobic conversion of ammonia into nitrates, is one of the most important functions in an aquaponic system as it reduces the toxicity of the water for fish, and allows the resulting nitrate compounds to be removed by the plants for nourishment.^[28] Ammonia is steadily released into the water through the excreta and gills of fish as a product of their metabolism, but must be filtered out of the water since higher concentrations of ammonia (commonly between 0.5 and 1 ppm)^{[Tinye edensibịa]} can impair growth, cause widespread damage to tissues, decrease resistance to disease and even kill the fish.^[34] Although plants can absorb ammonia from the water to some degree, nitrates are assimilated more easily,^[29] thereby efficiently reducing the toxicity of the water for fish.^[28] Ammonia can be converted into safer nitrogenous compounds through combined healthy populations of 2 types of bacteria: Nitrosomonas which convert ammonia into nitrites, and Nitrobacter which then convert nitrites into nitrates. While nitrite is still harmful to fish due to its ability to create methemoglobin, which cannot bind oxygen, by attaching to hemoglobin, nitrates are able to be tolerated at high levels by fish.^[34] For this, nitrite levels must be maintained at concentrations lower than 1ppm.^[35] Nitrate, which is much safer for fish, can be tolerated at concentrations of over 150ppm.^[35] Typically, nitrogen cycling (system cycling) must conducted for 3–5 weeks in order to achieve and maintain these ideal concentrations of nitrogen compounds. High surface area provides more space for the growth of nitrifying bacteria. Grow bed material choices require careful analysis of the surface area, price and maintainability considerations.

A na-akụ osisi na usoro hydroponics, na mgbọrọgwụ ha mikpuru na mmiri na-edozi ahụ. Nke a na-enyere ha aka ịsacha ammonia nke na-egbu anụmanụ mmiri, ma ọ bụ metabolites ya. Mgbe mmiri gafere na subsystem hydroponic, a na-ehicha ya ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ikuku oxygen, ma nwee ike ịlaghachi na ụgbọ mmiri aquaculture. Usoro a na-aga n'ihu. Ngwaọrụ aquaponic nke usoro hydroponic gụnyere:

• Mmiri miri emi aquaponics: Styrofoam rafts na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị omimi na ndagwurugwu. Enwere ike iwu tankị raft ka ha buru ibu, ma mee ka a kụọ mkpụrụ osisi n'otu nsọtụ tankị ahụ mgbe a na-ewepụta osisi zuru oke na nke ọzọ, si otú a hụ na a na-eji ohere ala eme ihe nke ọma.^[36]
• Recirculating aquaponics: ihe mgbasa ozi siri ike dị ka gravel ma ọ bụ ụrọ beads, nke a na-ejide n'ime akpa nke mmiri sitere na aquaculture jupụtara. A makwaara ụdị aquaponics a dị ka aquaponics mechiri emechi.   ^{[citation needed]}
• Reciprocating aquaponics: mgbasa ozi siri ike n'ime akpa nke mmiri na-asọba ma na-agbanye mmiri site na iji ụdị dị iche iche nke mmiri siphon. A makwaara ụdị aquaponics a dị ka aquaponics nke idei mmiri na mmiri ma ọ bụ ebb-and-flow aquaponics.   ^{[citation needed]}
• Usoro Ihe nkiri na-edozi ahụ: a na-akụ osisi n'ime ọwa dị warara dị ogologo, na ihe nkiri nke mmiri jupụtara na nri na-agafe mgbọrọgwụ osisi mgbe niile. N'ihi obere mmiri na ọwa dị warara, nje bacteria na-enyere aka enweghị ike ibi n'ebe ahụ ya mere a chọrọ nzacha maka usoro a.^[36]
• Usoro ndị ọzọ na-eji ụlọ elu ndị a na-enye mmiri site n'elu, ọkpọkọ PVC dị larịị nwere oghere maka ite, barrels plastik e ji gravel ma ọ bụ rafts bepụ n'etiti ha. Ụzọ ọ bụla nwere uru nke ya.^[37]

A na-ekwere na usoro mgbasa ozi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iji nitrogen eme ihe ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-enye oke oke na elu maka ụmụ irighiri ihe karịa Deep-water raft ma ọ bụ usoro ihe nkiri Nutrient.^[38]

Ebe ọ bụ na osisi ndị dị n'oge dị iche iche na-eto eto chọrọ mineral na ihe oriri dị iche iche, a na-ewepụta ihe ọkụkụ na mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'otu oge ahụ dị ka osisi ndị tozuru etozu. Nke a na-eme ka ihe na-edozi ahụ kwụsie ike na mmiri n'ihi mkpocha na-aga n'ihu nke nsí site na mmiri.^[39]

N'ime usoro aquaponics, nje bacteria na-ahụ maka ntụgharị nke ammonia na nitrates a na-eji eme ihe maka osisi na-emepụta biofilm na ihe niile siri ike n'ime usoro ahụ nke na-emetụ mmiri aka mgbe niile. Mgbọrọgwụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri nke akwụkwọ nri jikọtara ọnụ nwere nnukwu ebe ebe ọtụtụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịba ụba. Tinyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ammonia na nitrites na mmiri, ebe dị n'elu na-ekpebi ọsọ nke nitrification na-ewere ọnọdụ. Nlekọta maka mpaghara nje bacteria ndị a dị mkpa iji chịkwaa mmetọ zuru oke nke ammonia na nitrite. Nke a bụ ihe mere ọtụtụ usoro aquaponics ji agụnye otu biofiltering, nke na-enyere aka ime ka uto nke microorganisms ndị a dị mfe. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, mgbe usoro kwụsiri ike, ọkwa ammonia dị site na 0.25 ruo .50 ppm; ọkwa nitrite dị site na0.0 ruo 0.25 ppm, na ọkwa nitrate dị site na 5 ruo 150 ppm.   ^{[citation needed]} N'oge mmalite usoro, usoro na-ewe ọtụtụ izu iji malite usoro nitrification. ^[40] N'ihi ya, spikes nwere ike ịpụta na ọkwa ammonia (ruo 6.0 ppm) na nitrite (ruo 15 ppm) dịka nitrosomonas na nitrobacter bacteria emebeghị ka ha guzobe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime usoro ahụ. Nitrate na-arị elu mgbe e mesịrị na mmalite ka usoro ahụ na-emecha okirikiri nitrogen ma na-enwe ahụike biofilter na nje bacteria ndị a na-etolite n'ime ndị tozuru etozu.^[41] na ọkwa nitrate na-arị elu mgbe e mesịrị na mmalite.   ^{[citation needed]} N'ime usoro nitrification ammonia na-agbaze n'ime nitrite, nke na-ahapụ hydrogen ion n'ime mmiri. Ka oge na-aga, pH nke mmiri ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ daa, enwere ike iji ntọala ndị na-abụghị sodium dịka potassium hydroxide ma ọ bụ calcium hydroxide mee ihe iji gbochie pH nke mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ ezughi oke dị na mmiri iji nye ihe mgbochi megide acidization.^[28] Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ịgbakwunye mineral ma ọ bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ dịka ígwè na mgbakwunye na ihe mkpofu azụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka isi ihe na-enye ihe na-eduga na osisi.^[28]

Ezigbo ụzọ iji dozie ihe siri ike na aquaponics bụ iji ikpuru, nke na-eme ka ihe siri ike dị ka mmiri nke osisi na / ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na usoro ahụ wee nwee ike iji ya mee ihe. Maka usoro uto naanị ikpuru, biko lee Vermiponics.   ^{[citation needed]}

The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and oxygenate the water. Spawn or fry may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system to retain a stable system. In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture. Typical build ratios are .5 to 1 square foot of grow space for every Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. of aquaculture water in the system. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. of water can support between Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. and Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. of fish stock depending on aeration and filtration.

Dr. James Rakocy, onye nduzi nke otu nyocha aquaponics na Mahadum nke Virgin Islands, nyere ụkpụrụ nduzi iri maka ịmepụta usoro aquaponics nke na-aga nke ọma, dabere na nyocha sara mbara nke e mere dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme aquaculture nke Agricultural Experiment Station.^[42]

• Jiri ọnụego nri maka ngụkọta imewe
• Debe ihe oriri na-adịgide adịgide
• Mgbakwunye na calcium, potassium na ironígwè
• Gbaa mbọ hụ na ikuku dị mma
• Wepụ ihe siri ike
• Kpachara anya na nchịkọtangụkọta
• Pips buru ibu
• Jiri ọgwụ nje na-egbochi ọrịaNchịkwa nje
• Gbaa mbọ hụ na biofiltration zuru oke
• Nchịkwa pH

Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ usoro aquaculture, nri anụ na-ejikarị nri azụ sitere na ụdị dị ala. Mbelata na-aga n'ihu nke azụ ọhịa na-eme ka omume a ghara ịdị irè. Nri azụ sitere n'okike nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ dị irè nke na-ebelata nchegbu a. Nhọrọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịzụlite Duckweed na usoro aquaponics nke na-enye otu azụ ahụ a zụlitere na usoro ahụ, ^[43] ikpuru karịrị akarị nke a zụpụtara site na vermiculture composting, na-eji ihe mkpofu kichin, ^[44] yana ịzụlite ụmụ ahụhụ ojii iji nye azụ ahụ nri site na iji ndị na-emepụta grub composting. ^[45]

Dị ka hydroponics, enwere ike itinye mineral na micronutrients ole na ole iji melite uto osisi. Iron bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ nke kachasị njọ na aquaponics, mana enwere ike itinye ya site na ịgwakọta ntụ Iron Chelate na mmiri. Enwere ike itinye potassium dị ka potassium sulfate site na ntụ ọka. Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na-adịchaghị mkpa gụnyere magnesium dị ka nnu epsom, calcium dị ka calcium chloride, na boron.^[46] Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ihe mkpofu aquaculture na-emepụta oke nitrate, nke dị ukwuu maka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Maka osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko osisi nwere nnukwu ihe oriri, a na-atụ aro iwebata ihe oriri ndị ọzọ dị ka magnesium, calcium, potassium, na phosphorus. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ sulfate nke potash, potassium bicarbonate, monoammonium phosphate, wdg. Enwere ike ikpuchi ụkọ ihe oriri na mmiri nsị site na akụkụ azụ (RAS) kpamkpam site na iji mmiri na-enweghị isi ma ọ bụ mineral, na-enwekarị okpukpu 3-17 nke ihe oriri dị elu. Mmiri nsị RAS (mmiri mkpofu na ụrọ jikọtara) nwere N, P, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni zuru oke iji gboo ọtụtụ mkpa ihe ọkụkụ aquaponic. Potassium na-enwekarị ụkọ nke chọrọ uto zuru oke. Micronutrients B, Mo zuru ezu ma nwee ike imeziwanye n'ụzọ dị mfe site n'ịbawanye ntọhapụ ụrọ. A ga-atụle echiche nke 'kwesịrị ike' nke sodium na-egbu egbu na nsị RAS - ihe ngwọta bara uru dịkwa. Enweghị egwu nke mkpokọta ígwè dị arọ n'ime loop aquaponics.^[47]

Usoro aquaponic anaghị ewepụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee mmiri n'okpuru ọrụ nkịtị, kama, na-agbanye ma na-eji mmiri eme ihe nke ọma. Usoro a na-adabere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi iji nọgide na-enwe ebe obibi mmiri kwụsiri ike nke na-enwe obere mgbanwe na ihe oriri na ikuku oxygen. Osisi nwere ike iweghachite ihe oriri ndị a gbazere agbaze site na mmiri na-agagharị agagharị, nke pụtara na a na-ewepụ mmiri ole na ole ma nwee ike ibelata ọnụego mgbanwe mmiri.^[48] A na-agbakwunye mmiri naanị iji dochie mmiri na-efu site na ịmịkọrọ na ọsụsọ site na osisi, evaporation n'ime ikuku site na Mmiri ozuzo, na-agbasa site na usoro ahụ site na mmiri, na iwepụ biomass dị ka ihe mkpofu siri ike site na usoro. N'ihi ya, aquaponics na-eji ihe dịka 2% nke mmiri nke ugbo a na-agba mmiri chọrọ maka otu mmepụta akwụkwọ nri ahụ.^[49] Nke a na-enye ohere maka mmepụta aquaponic nke ihe ọkụkụ na azụ n'ebe mmiri ma ọ bụ ala na-eme nri dị ụkọ. A pụkwara iji usoro aquaponic mee ihe iji mepụta ọnọdụ ala mmiri a na-achịkwa. Ala mmiri e wuru nwere ike ịba uru maka biofiltration na ọgwụgwọ nke nsị ụlọ.^[50] Enwere ike ịnakọta mmiri jupụtara na ihe oriri na tankị, ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ iji mee ka uto nke ihe ọkụkụ a kụrụ n'ala dị ngwa, ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịdọrọ ya n'ime usoro aquaponic iji mee ka mmiri dị elu.^[51]

Ihe owuwu aquaponic na-adabere na ogo dịgasị iche iche na ike mmadụ mere, ihe ngwọta teknụzụ, na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi iji nweta recirculation na mmiri / okpomọkụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na e mepụtara usoro na nchekwa ike n'uche, na-eji ike ọzọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke mgbapụta site na ikwe ka mmiri na-aga n'okpuru dị ka o kwere mee, ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ọ bụ ezie na imepụta ihe n'ụzọ nlezianya nwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ ahụ, usoro aquaponics nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ 'otu ebe ọdịda' ebe nsogbu dịka ọdịda eletrik ma ọ bụ mgbochi paịpụ nwere ike iduga na mfu zuru oke nke azụ.   ^{[citation needed]}

Iji mee ka usoro aquaponic nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ ego ma nweta uru ma na-ekpuchi mmefu ọrụ ya, ihe ndị mejupụtara ụlọ ọrụ hydroponic na ihe ndị na-azụ azụ kwesịrị ịnọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na ikike mmepụta kachasị elu.^[28] Iji mee ka oke azụ dị n'ime usoro ahụ dị elu (na-enweghị igbochi uto azụ), enwere usoro atọ dị mkpa nke nwere ike inyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe oke a.

• Ịzụlite n'usoro: Ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke azụ na-ekerịta tankị ịzụlite, mgbe otu afọ ruru ogo ahịa, a na-ahọrọ ha ma jiri otu ọnụọgụ nke mkpịsị aka dochie ha.^[28] Ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro a gụnyere imesi ọdọ mmiri niile ike n'oge owuwe ihe ubi ọ bụla, azụ na-efu efu na-akpata ihe oriri / oghere, na ihe isi ike nke idebe ndekọ ziri ezi na owuwe ihe ọkụkụ ugboro ugboro.^[28]
• Nkewa Nkewa ngwaahịa:: A na-etinye ọtụtụ mkpịsị aka n'otu oge wee kewaa n'ìgwè abụọ ozugbo tankị ahụ ruru ikike kachasị elu, nke dị mfe idekọ ma wepụ azụ "echefu". Ụzọ na-enweghị nrụgide nke ime ọrụ a bụ site na "swimways" nke jikọtara tankị ịzụlite dị iche iche na usoro nke oghere / ihuenyo na-agagharị / mgbapụta nke na-ebugharị azụ ahụ.^[28]
• Ọtụtụ ngalaba ịzụlite: A na-ebugharị ìgwè azụ dum na tankị ịzụlite buru ibu ozugbo tankị ha dị ugbu a ruru ikike kachasị elu. Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ na-enwekarị tankị 2-4 nke na-ekerịta usoro nzacha, mgbe a na-ewepụta tankị kachasị ukwuu, a na-ebugharị ìgwè azụ ndị ọzọ n'ime tankị buru ibu ebe a na-etinye obere tankị na mkpịsị aka.^[28] Ọ bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na e nwere ọtụtụ tankị ịzụlite ma ọ nweghị ụzọ isi bufee azụ n'etiti ha, nke na-ewepụ ọrụ nke ibugharị azụ ma na-enye ohere ka tankị ọ bụla ghara inwe nsogbu n'oge owuwe ihe ubi, ọbụlagodi na ojiji nke ohere adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe azụ ahụ bụ fingerlings.^[28]

N'ụzọ dị mma, oke azụ dị n'ime tankị ịzụlite anaghị agafe 0.5 lbs / galọn, iji belata nrụgide sitere na ịba ụba, na-enye azụ nri nke ọma, ma na-akwalite uto dị mma.^[28]

Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ọgwụ ahụhụ mee ihe iji lekọta ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ọkụkụ, na usoro aquaponic iji ọgwụ ahụhụ ga-eyi usoro azụ egwu. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na azụ ahụ enweta nje ma ọ bụ ọrịa, a pụghị iji ọgwụgwọ mee ihe dịka osisi ga-amị ha.^[28] Iji nọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na azụ, a ga-eji usoro ndị na-abụghị nke kemịkal dịka ọnyà, ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ na njikwa ihe ndị dị ndụ (dị ka parasitic wasps / ladybugs iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ na-acha ọcha / aphid) iji chịkwae ụmụ ahụhụ.^[28] Ọgwụ ahụhụ kachasị dị irè bụ Mmanụ Neem, mana ọ bụ naanị n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị nta iji belata mmiri azụ.   [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ahịa nke aquaponics na-akwụsịkarị n'ihi nsogbu na nchịkwa ọrịa na ọrịa. Ojiji nke usoro nchịkwa kemịkal dị mgbagwoju anya maka usoro niile. Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa nwere ike dochie anya usoro nchịkwa azụmaahịa, fungicides na nematicides ka dị mkpa na aquaponics. Nnyocha na njikwa ọdịbendị bụ ụzọ mbụ iji gbochie ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-egbu egbu. Nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, n'ozuzu ya, nwere ike ime mgbanwe ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu. Usoro mgbochi ndị na-abụghị nke kemịkal na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka mgbochi ahụhụ na ọrịa na atụmatụ niile.^[52]

Ọtụtụ ndị agbalịwo ịmepụta usoro nchịkwa na nlekota na-akpaghị aka na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gosipụtara ọkwa ihe ịga nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ike iwebata akpaaka na obere usoro aquaponic iji nweta usoro ọrụ ugbo dị ọnụ ala ma na-adịgide adịgide.^[53][54] Mmepe azụmahịa nke teknụzụ akpaaka apụtawokwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ mepụtara usoro nwere ike ime ka ọrụ ugbo na-emegharị ugboro ugboro ma gosipụta algọridim mmụta igwe nke nwere ike ịchọpụta ma kpochapụ osisi ndị na-arịa ọrịa ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepebeghị emepe.^[55] Ụlọ ọrụ aquaponics nke dị 3.75-acre nke na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ugbo salmon mbụ dị n'ime ụlọ na United States na-agụnyekwa teknụzụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya.^[56] Igwe aquaponic emeela ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na ide na ịnakọta ozi gbasara aquaponics.   ^{[citation needed]}

Aquaponics na-enye usoro polyculture dịgasị iche iche na nke kwụsiri ike nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere ịzụlite akwụkwọ nri na ịzụlite azụ n'otu oge ahụ. Site n'inwe ụzọ abụọ e si enweta uru, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-enweta ego ọbụlagodi na ahịa maka azụ ma ọ bụ osisi na-agafe obere okirikiri.^[34] Mgbanwe nke usoro aquaponic na-enye ya ohere ịzụlite ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ gụnyere akwụkwọ nri nkịtị, ahịhịa, okooko osisi na osisi mmiri iji kwado ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa.^[34] Ahịhịa, lettuce na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ pụrụ iche dị ka basil ma ọ bụ spinach dị mma maka usoro aquaponic n'ihi obere mkpa nri ha.^[34] Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ngwaahịa sitere na usoro aquaponic bụ nke na-enweghị ọgwụ ahụhụ na nke na-ahapụkwa obere akara gburugburu ebe obibi.^[34] Usoro aquaponic na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ọma n'ụzọ akụ na ụba n'ihi obere ojiji nke mmiri, ịgba ọsọ na-edozi ahụ dị irè na ịchọ obere ala iji rụọ ọrụ.^[34] N'ihi na ala adịghị mkpa ma ọ bụ naanị obere mmiri ka achọrọ, enwere ike ịtọlite usoro aquaponic n'ebe ndị nwere Ọdịdị ala dị ala ma ọ bụ mmiri emetọ.^[34] Nke ka mkpa, usoro aquaponic na-enwekarị ahịhịa, ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa ndị ga-emetụta ala, nke na-enye ha ohere ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ dị elu ngwa ngwa iji ree.^[34]

Nnyocha metụtara usoro aquaponic, na ikike akụ na ụba ha ka dị oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro hydroponic. Site na nyocha dịnụ, a ghaghị ikpebi ikike akụ na ụba nke azụmaahịa aquaponic site na ikpe. E nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe gụnyere usoro nhazi, oge ihu igwe, na ọnụahịa mpaghara nke ike ma ọ bụ ala nke na-emetụta uru nke azụmaahịa aquaponic. Dabere na nnyocha nke gụnyere azụmaahịa aquaponic 208 na United States, nkezi ego nke azụmaahịa aqaponic bụ $ 5,000 - $ 10,000 na naanị 10% nke azụmaịa na-akọ ihe karịrị $ 50,000 na ego a na-enweta kwa afọ.^[57]

E nwere usoro aquaponic abụọ: Single Recirculating Aquaponic Systems (SRAPS ma ọ bụ usoro jikọtara ọnụ) na Double Recirculaing Aquaponic System (DRAPS maọbụ usoro jikọtara). Ihe dị iche bụ na usoro DRAPS, a na-eji mmiri sitere na usoro aquaculture (azụ̀) enye ihe oriri na usoro hydroponic (osisi) mana usoro abụọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha. N'adịghị ka SRAPS, onye na-akụ ihe nwere ike itinye fatịlaịza aka n'ime usoro DRAPS n'emeghị ka azụ ahụ merụọ ahụ. Usoro tomato DRAPS nke na-eji fatịlaịza na mgbakwunye na ihe mkpofu azụ nwere ike inye otu ọkwa mmepụta dị ka usoro hydroponic nkịtị ka ọ na-ebelata ojiji fatịlaịtị site na 23.6%. Usoro SRAPS enweghị ike iṅomi nsonaazụ ndị a.^[58] Nnyocha ndị ọzọ na-egosi nkwado na usoro aquaponic nwere ike iji 14% obere fatịlaịza karịa usoro hydroponic.^[59] N'agbanyeghị mbelata a, onye na-akụ ihe kwesịrị ikpebi ma ọnụahịa nke ịnọgide na-azụ azụ dị ọnụ ala karịa iji fatịlaịza ọzọ na hydroponics.

Ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke usoro maka ihe ịga nke ọma akụ na ụba nke usoro aquaponic nwere ike ịgụnye na usoro ndị a chọrọ ihe ọmụma dị elu n'ọtụtụ ọzụzụ, enweghị ohere ego maka aquaponics, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọha na eze n'ozuzu anaghị aghọta ihe aquaponics bụ. Azụmaahịa aquaponics nwere ike ịchọ atụmatụ akara ndị ọzọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere hydroponics, nke bụ teknụzụ a maara nke ọma n'oge a na United States.

• • E mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ Urban Farming Company, otu nzukọ sitere na Switzerland, iji nye usoro usoro uto aquaponic nke ụlọ ahịa. Ebumnuche ya bụ inye ihe ọhụrụ, nke na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara obodo.^[60]
  • Na Machị 2018, e guzobere European Aquaponics Association n'etiti mba Europe. Nke a meghere nzukọ maka mba Europe iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha aquaponic na mmejuputa omume aquaponic.^[61]
  • EcoPonics bụ ụlọ ọrụ aquaponics nke sitere na Iceland nke na-esonyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị yiri ya site na Iceland, Denmark, na Spain iji kwado mmejuputa usoro Aquaponics na asọmpi na mba Europe.^[62]

    

• • Na Bangladesh, mba kacha nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji agrochemicals eme ihe iji bulie mmepụta nri na ndụ nchekwa, ọ bụ ezie na mba ahụ enweghị nlekọta na ọkwa dị nchebe nke kemịkal na nri maka oriri mmadụ. Iji lụso nsogbu a ọgụ, otu ìgwè nke M.A. Salam duziri na Ngalaba Aquaculture nke Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo nke Bangladesh emeela atụmatụ maka usoro aquaponics dị ọnụ ala iji nye ndị bi na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-adịghị mma ihe na azụ dị ka mpaghara ndịda na-enwekarị nnu na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.^[63] Ọrụ Salam na-emepụta ụdị ọrụ ugbo maka ebumnuche mmepụta obere na obodo na ọkwa onwe onye ebe ọrụ imewe nke Chowdhury na Graff na-elekwasị anya naanị na ọkwa azụmahịa, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ụzọ abụọ ahụ na-eji uru nke akụ na ụba nke oke.
  • A na-emepụta usoro aquaponic maka iji ya mee ihe n'elu ụlọ na Gaza City.^[64]
  • Na Malaysia Alor Gajah, Melaka, Organization 'Persatuan Akuakutur Malaysia' na-ewere ụzọ ọhụrụ na aquaponics site n'ịzụlite Lobster na aquapontics.   ^{[citation needed]}
  • Aquaponics na India na-ezube inye ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ ihe ngwọta aquaponics maka azụmahịa na ọrụ azụ.^[65]

• • Kọleji Dakota na Bottineau na Bottinau, North Dakota nwere mmemme aquaponics nke na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ikike inweta asambodo ma ọ bụ nzere AAS na aquaponics.^[66]
  • Ụlọ ọrụ Smith Road dị na Denver malitere mmemme aquaponics iji nye ndị mkpọrọ 800 ruo 1,000 nri na Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Denver, na ụlọ ọrụ dị nso n'etiti obodo nke nwere ndị mkpọrọ 1,500 na ndị ọrụ 700.^[67]
  • VertiFarms na New Orleans na-elekwasị anya n'elu ụlọ ọrụ maka ọrụ ugbo kwụ ọtọ, na-enweta ihe ruru ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ 90 maka ọrụ ugpo kwụ ọtọ n'elu elu na 2013.^[68]
  • Ugbo Windy Drumlins dị na Wisconsin na-emegharị ụlọ okpomọkụ aquaponic-solar maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike nke nwere ike ịtachi obi na ihu igwe oyi.^[69]
  • Ọrụ afọ ofufo na Nicaragua "Ndị enyi maka Kraịst" na-elekọta ubi ya maka inye ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ 900+ dara ogbenye nri site na iji ihe oriri sitere na usoro aquaponic.^[69]
  • Verticulture na Bedstuy na-eji ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta Pfizer ochie emepụta basil n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ azụmahịa site na aquaponics, na-emepụta 30-40 pound nke basil kwa izu.^[70]
  • Upward Farms na New York na-agbasawanye na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa zuru oke, nke ga-emepụta 130,000 pound nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na 50,000 pound nke azụ kwa afọ.^[71]
  • E nweela mgbanwe gaa na njikọta obodo nke aquaponics, dị ka ntọala na-enweghị uru Growing Power nke na-enye Milwaukee ohere ọrụ na ọzụzụ mgbe ha na-akụ nri maka obodo ha. Ihe nlereanya ahụ emeela ka ọtụtụ ọrụ satellite dị n'obodo ndị ọzọ, dị ka New Orleans ebe ndị na-egbu azụ Vietnamese tara ahụhụ site na mpụga mmanụ Deepwater Horizon, na South Bronx na New York City.^[72]
  • Whispering Roots bụ òtù na-enweghị uru na Omaha, Nebraska nke na-enye nri dị ọhụrụ, nke a zụlitere n'ógbè, nke dị mma maka obodo ndị nwere nsogbu na akụ na ụba site na iji aquaponics, hydroponics na ọrụ ugbo n'obodo. ^[73][74]
  • N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, aquaponics anọwo na-aga n'ihu na usoro mmepụta ime ụlọ. N'obodo ndị dị ka Chicago, ndị ọchụnta ego na-eji atụmatụ kwụ ọtọ na-akụ nri n'afọ niile. Enwere ike iji usoro ndị a na-akụ nri n'afọ niile na obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe mkpofu.^[75]
  • Springworks Farm , na-emepụta ụdị atọ nke lettuce organic na ụlọ ọrụ ha na-eto eto na Lisbon, ME.

• • Fusion Farms na Mayagüez, Puerto Rico bụ ọrụ ugbo mbụ a na-echebe site na ajọ ifufe site na iji aquaponics (CEAq) nke Gọọmentị Puerto Rico họpụtara dị ka 'Company of Strategic Importance' n'ihi onyinye ha na-enye iji nyere agwaetiti ahụ aka idozi Nchebe Nri na Nri.   ^{[citation needed]}
  • Àgwàetiti Caribbean nke Barbados mepụtara atụmatụ ịmalite usoro aquaponics n'ụlọ, nke a na-akpọ igwe aquaponic, na ego a na-enweta site na ire ihe oriri nye ndị njem nleta na mgbalị iji belata ịdabere na nri ndị si mba ọzọ.   ^{[citation needed]}

Aquaponic gardeners from all around the world are gathering in online community sites and forums to share their experiences and promote the development of this form of gardening, as well as creating extensive resources on how to build home systems.

There are various modular systems made for the public that utilize aquaponic systems to produce organic vegetables and herbs, and provide indoor decor at the same time. These systems can serve as a source of herbs and vegetables indoors. Universities are promoting research on these modular systems as they get more popular among city dwellers..^[76]

• Usoro osikapa
• Ịkpa anụ n'ime mmiri dị iche iche
• Ekwụ ọtọ

1. ↑ Baganz (2021-07-26). "The aquaponic principle—It is all about coupling" (in en). Reviews in Aquaculture 14: 252–264. DOI:10.1111/raq.12596. ISSN 1753-5123. 
2. ↑ Rakocy. Update on Tilapia and Vegetable Production in the UVI Aquaponic System. University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013.
3. ↑ Zou (2016-06-01). "Effects of pH on nitrogen transformations in media-based aquaponics". Bioresource Technology 210: 81–87. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.079. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 26783143. 
4. ↑ (2019) in Goddek: Aquaponics Food Production Systems (in en). DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6. ISBN 978-3-030-15942-9. 
5. ↑ Boutwelluc. "Aztecs' aquaponics revamped", Napa Valley Register, December 15, 2007. Retrieved on April 24, 2013.
6. ↑ Crossley (2004). "Sub-irrigation in wetland agriculture". Agriculture and Human Values 21 (2/3): 191–205. DOI:10.1023/B:AHUM.0000029395.84972.5e. Retrieved on April 24, 2013. 
7. ↑ (2001) Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture: A Primer, Issue 407. FAO. ISBN 9251045992. 
8. ↑ Tomita-Yokotani (2009). "Space agriculture for habitation on mars and sustainable civilization on earth". Recent Advances in Space Technologies: 68–69. 
9. ↑ Carassius carassius. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved on April 24, 2013.
10. ↑ McMurtry (1988). "Aqua-Vegeculture Systems". International Ag-Sieve 1 (3). Retrieved on April 24, 2013. 
11. ↑ Bocek. Introduction to Fish Culture in Rice Paddies. Water Harvesting and Aquaculture for Rural Development. International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved on April 24, 2013.
12. ↑ 王禎農書::卷十一::架田 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 (zh). Archived from the original on 2018-05-09. Retrieved on 2017-11-30.
13. ↑ Waste Management and Environment - Floating new ideas. WME Magazine. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved on 2014-01-20.
14. ↑ ^{14.0 14.1} Rakocy. Aquaculture Àtụ:Ndash Aquaponic Systems. University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved on 11 March 2013. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "UVI1" defined multiple times with different content
15. ↑ Naegel (1977). "Combined production of fish and plants in recirculating water". Aquaculture 10 (1): 17–24. DOI:10.1016/0044-8486(77)90029-1. 
16. ↑ Balarin (1982-03-07). "The intensive culture of tilapia in tanks, raceways and cages". 
17. ↑ Watten (1984-10-01). "Tropical production of tilapia (Sarotherodon aurea) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a small-scale recirculating water system". Aquaculture 41 (3): 271–283. DOI:10.1016/0044-8486(84)90290-4. ISSN 0044-8486. 
18. ↑ Aqu@teach (2020-09-03). History of aquaponics (en). learn.farmhub.ag. Retrieved on 2024-05-05.
19. ↑ Introduction to Aquaponics (en-US). Palouse-Clearwater Environmental Institute. Retrieved on 2024-05-03.
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1} Okomoda (March 2023). "Aquaponics production system: A review of historical perspective, opportunities, and challenges of its adoption" (in en). Food Science & Nutrition 11 (3): 1157–1165. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.3154. ISSN 2048-7177. PMID 36911833. 
21. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. www.fadr.msu.ru. Retrieved on 2024-05-03.
22. ↑ Bradley (2014-01-19). Aquaponics: A Brief History of This Integrated Fish & Veggies System (en-US). Milkwood: permaculture courses, skills + stories. Retrieved on 2024-05-03.
23. ↑ Alba (2022-07-13). Dr. James Rakocy (en-gb). aquaponicsunited.com. Retrieved on 2024-05-03.
24. ↑ Bradley (2014-01-19). Aquaponics: A Brief History of This Integrated Fish & Veggies System (en-US). Milkwood: permaculture courses, skills + stories. Retrieved on 2024-05-03.
25. ↑ Fox (June 2010). Construction of Automatic Bell Siphons for Backyard Aquaponic Systems. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved on 12 March 2013.
26. ↑ Aquaponics - Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture. ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture Program. Archived from the original on 2019-10-03. Retrieved on 2020-07-14.
27. ↑ Rharrhour (2022). "Towards sustainable food productions in Morocco: Aquaponics" (in en). E3S Web of Conferences 337: 03004. DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/202233703004. ISSN 2267-1242. 
28. ↑ ^{28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 28.16 28.17 28.18 28.19} Rakocy (November 2006). "Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: Aquaponics—integrating fish and plant culture" (454). Retrieved on April 24, 2013. 
29. ↑ ^{29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4} Diver (2006). "Aquaponics—integration of hydroponics with aquaculture". ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Retrieved on April 24, 2013. 
30. ↑ How to build an indoor Aquaponics system (en-US). Agriculture land usa. Retrieved on 2024-05-13.
31. ↑ ^{31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3} NMSU: Is Aquaponics Right For You?. aces.nmsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved on 2016-01-01.
32. ↑ ^{32.0 32.1} What Are The Easiest Plants To Grow With Aquaponics. aquaponicsideasonline.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03. Retrieved on 2016-01-02.
33. ↑ Backyard Aquaponics. "Importance of Fish". Retrieved on April 24, 2013.
34. ↑ ^{34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8} Blidariu (2011-01-01). "Increasing the Economical Efficiency and Sustainability of Indoor Fish Farming by Means of Aquaponics - Review" (in en). Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies 44 (2): 1–8. ISSN 2344-4576. 
35. ↑ ^{35.0 35.1} Somerville (2015). Small-scale aquaponic food production : integrated fish and plant farming, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-108532-5. OCLC 898228105. 
36. ↑ ^{36.0 36.1} Methods of Aquaponics | Nelson & Pade, Inc. (en-US). aquaponics.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved on 2017-04-08.
37. ↑ Lennard (December 2006). "A Comparison of Three Different Hydroponic Sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponic Test System". Aquaculture International 14 (6): 539–550. DOI:10.1007/s10499-006-9053-2. 
38. ↑ Okomoda (March 2023). "Aquaponics production system: A review of historical perspective, opportunities, and challenges of its adoption" (in en). Food Science & Nutrition 11 (3): 1157–1165. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.3154. ISSN 2048-7177. PMID 36911833. 
39. ↑ Rakocy (2004). "Aquaponic production of tilapia and basil: Comparing a batch and staggered cropping system". Acta Horticulturae (648): 63–69. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.648.8. Retrieved on April 24, 2013. 
40. ↑ Deer (2021-10-15). Nitrification and Maintenance in Media Bed Aquaponics - Oklahoma State University (en). extension.okstate.edu. Retrieved on 2022-12-01.
41. ↑ Sallenave. Important Water Quality Parameters in Aquaponics Systems | New Mexico State University - BE BOLD. Shape the Future.. pubs.nmsu.edu. Retrieved on 2022-12-01.
42. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved on 2017-11-01.
43. ↑ Rogosa. Organic Aquaponics. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved on April 24, 2013.
44. ↑ Amadori (July 5, 2011). Fish, Lettuce and Food Waste Put New Spin on Aquaponics. Newswise. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved on April 24, 2013.
45. ↑ Royte. "Street Farmer", The New York Times Company, July 5, 2009. Retrieved on 8 March 2011.
46. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the How to Manage Plant Nutrients in Aquaponics. YouTube (4 September 2013). Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved on 10 July 2024.: How to Manage Plant Nutrients in Aquaponics. YouTube (4 September 2013).
47. ↑ Lunda (September 2019). "Understanding nutrient throughput of operational RAS farm effluents to support semi-commercial aquaponics: Easy upgrade possible beyond controversies". Journal of Environmental Management 245: 255–263. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.130. PMID 31158677. 
48. ↑ Rakocy (November 2006). "Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics—Integrating Fish and Plant Culture". SRAC. Retrieved on 2017-04-09. 
49. ↑ Aquaponics: Hybrid between aquaculture and hydroponics (November 2017). Archived from the original on 2017-11-07.
50. ↑ Hygnstrom. Residential Onsite Wastewater Treatment: Constructed Wetlands for Effluent Treatment. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved on June 15, 2014.
51. ↑ Ashish (2023-12-21). How to build an indoor Aquaponics system ~ Agriculture. How to build an indoor Aquaponics system ~ Agriculture. Retrieved on 2023-12-31.
52. ↑ Folorunso (2020). "Integrated pest and disease management in aquaponics: A metadata-based review". Reviews in Aquaculture 13 (2): 971–995. DOI:10.1111/raq.12508. 
53. ↑ Menon. "Small Scale Aquaponic System". International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology 4: 941–946. 
54. ↑ Benoît (2018). "Smart Aquaponics: development of intelligent management tools for aquaponic systems adapted to professionals, urban communities and education" (in en). 
55. ↑ Simon. "The Hydroponic, Robotic Future of Farming in Greenhouses", WIRED, November 20, 2017. Retrieved on 2018-11-22. (in en-US)
56. ↑ K.C.. "Walker celebrates opening of aquaponics facility", WEAU News, September 1, 2017. Retrieved on 2018-11-22. (in en)
57. ↑ Richard E. Thompson. (2015). Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: Findings from an international survey. Aquaculture, Volume 435, 2015, Pages 67-74,
58. ↑ Suhl, J., Dannehl, D., Kloas, W., Baganz, D., Jobs, S., Scheibe, G., & Schmidt, U. (2016). Advanced aquaponics: Evaluation of intensive tomato production in Aquaponics vs. conventional hydroponics. Agricultural Water Management, 178, 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.10.013
59. ↑ AlShrouf, A. (2017). Hydroponics, Aeroponic and Aquaponic as Compared with Conventional Farming. ARSJETS Journal , 27(1). https://doi.org/2313-4402
60. ↑ The Urban Farming Company (https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/urban-farming-co-takes-aquaponic-farming-europe-s-rooftops/442951/)
61. ↑ The European Aquaponics Association (https://aquaponicsassociation.org)
62. ↑ EcoPonics ((https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eco-innovation/projects/en/projects/ecoponics))
63. ↑ "এ্যাকোয়াপনিক্স প্রযুক্তিতে মাছ-সবজি চাষ", The Daily Janakantha, January 28, 2012. Retrieved on October 1, 2019. (in bn)
64. ↑ Qandil. "Rooftop gardens provide 'answer for Gaza'", Al Jazeera, 24 January 2015. Retrieved on 24 January 2015.
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66. ↑ Dakota College at Bottineau - Horticulture. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved on 2023-01-11.
67. ↑ Hernandez (2014-10-19). Denver jail sustainably growing food through aquaponics. The Denver Post. Archived from the original on 2017-04-18. Retrieved on 2017-04-17.
68. ↑ Idealists in Action: VertiFarms. blog.en.idealist.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-18. Retrieved on 2017-04-17.
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70. ↑ Potenza (2016-06-15). In a Brooklyn aquaponic farm, basil grown with tilapia is the future. The Verge. Archived from the original on 2017-04-18. Retrieved on 2017-04-17.
71. ↑ Magee (2015-09-01). Edenworks Is Building The Future Of Food On Urban Rooftops. TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2017-04-19. Retrieved on 2017-04-17.
72. ↑ Harris. "Aquaponics being taught in Vietnamese community", The Louisiana Weekly, 19 December 2011. Retrieved on 13 February 2012.
73. ↑ Mission | Whispering Roots. whisperingroots.org. Archived from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved on 2016-01-02.
74. ↑ Lee. "Kids and Collaboration". Retrieved on 25 August 2013.
75. ↑ Weber. "Aquaponic farming operations taking root", Chicago Tribune, May 25, 2011. Retrieved on June 9, 2013.
76. ↑ Goldstein. "The Indoor Aquaponics Farm", IEEE Spectrum, June 3, 2013. Retrieved on June 3, 2013.