Nnụnụ

A pumpkin bụ a zụlitere n'oge oyi squash na genus Cucurbita . ^[1][2] A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ eme ihe maka ụdị squash dị gburugburu, nke na-acha oroma, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị nkọwa sayensị ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ squash dị iche iche nke ọdịdị dịgasị iche iche.^[3]

A na-eche na ojiji nke okwu "pumpkin" malitere na New England na North America, nke sitere na okwu maka melon, ma ọ bụ okwu ala maka gburugburu. A na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na "squash" ma ọ bụ "squach oyi", a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka ụfọdụ ụdị Cucurbita argyrosperma, Cucurbita ficifolia, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata, na Cucurbita pepo.^[1]

C. pepo pumpkins so n'ime osisi kachasị ochie a maara, na ihe akaebe nke ịkọ ha n'etiti 7000 BCE na 5500 BCE. Ụdị ọhịa nke Cucurbita na ụdị mbụ a na-azụ n'ụlọ bụ ụmụ amaala North America (akụkụ nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico na ndịda United States ugbu a), mana a na-akụzi ụdị ya n'ụwa niile maka nri, ịchọ mma, na ebumnuche ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ.^[4]

Akpụkpọ ahụ buru ibu nwere mkpụrụ na anụ oriri. Pumpkin pie bụ akụkụ ọdịnala nke nri Ekele na Canada na United States na a na-ejikarị pumpkins eme ihe dị ka ihe ịchọ mma oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma kpụọ ya dị ka jack-o'-lanterns maka ịchọ mma gburugburu Halloween. A na-ejikarị ụdị pumpkin dị iche iche eme ihe maka ịchọ mma. ^[5]

Dị ka Oxford English Dictionary si kwuo, okwu Bekee bụ pumpkin sitere na okwu Grik oge ochie πέπων (Romanized pepōn), nke pụtara 'melon'.^[6][7] N'okpuru echiche a, okwu ahụ gbanwere site na okwu Latịn peponem na okwu Middle French pompon gaa na Early Modern English pompion, nke ndị England na-achị ala na narị afọ nke iri na asaa gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ pumpkin, obere oge ka ha zutere pumpkins mgbe ha rutere n'ebe bụzi ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.^[6]

E nwere atụmatụ ọzọ maka pumpkin site na Okwu Massachusett pôhpukun, nke pụtara 'na-etolite gburugburu'.^[8] Ndị Wampanoag (ndị na-asụ asụsụ Wôpanâak nke Massachusett) nwere ike iji okwu a mee ihe mgbe ha na-ewebata pumpkins na Ndị njem ala nsọ Bekee na Plymouth Colony, nke dị na Massachusetts ugbu a.^[9] (Okwu Bekee squash sitere na okwu Massachusett, nke a na-asụgharị n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka askztasquash, ashk8tasqash, ma ọ bụ, n'askꝏtasquash Narragansett, askútasquash.^[10] )^[11]

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuola na a na-etinye okwu pumpkin na okwu ndị yiri ya dị ka Aute na calabaza n'ọtụtụ squash n'oge oyi nwere nha na ọdịdị dịgasị iche iche.^[1] A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ pumpkin nke okpomọkụ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ụdị pumpkin nke ụdị Cucurbita moschata.^[12]

mkpụrụ osisi pọmpụ bụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi a maara dị ka pepo.^[13] Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị akọwa pumpkin gụnyere akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro na nke nwere obere eriri na-acha odo odo na oroma, ^[14] ọ bụ ezie na ọcha, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na agba pumpkin ndị ọzọ dịkwa.^[14][15]

Ọ bụ ezie na pumpkins Cucurbita pepo na-adịkarị n'agbata kilogram 3 na 8 (6 na 18 , Nnukwu pumpkins nwere ike ịgafe otu tọn n'ibu.^[16][17] Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụdị C. maxima nke e mepụtara site na mgbalị nke ndị ọrụ osisi na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-anụ ọkụ n'obi.^[16] ụdị kachasị ukwuu na-eru ihe karịrị 34 (75 n'arọ. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, e setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ maka pumpkin kachasị arọ na 1,246.9 kilogram (2,749 lbs.). ^[18]  

Ihe akaebe kachasị ochie nke Cucurbita pepo bụ iberibe pumpkin a chọtara na Mexico nke e dere n'etiti 7,000 na 5,500 BC.^[19]  Pumpkins na ụdị squash ndị ọzọ, tinyere ọka na agwa, na-egosi na usoro Ụmụnne nwanyị Atọ nke ịkụ osisi ibe nke ọtụtụ Ndị obodo North America na-eme.^[20] Otú ọ dị, a na-ewepụkarị ụdị pumpkin buru ibu nke oge a, ebe ọ bụ na ịdị arọ ha nwere ike imebi ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.^[21] N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ndị Europe malitere ịchịkwa North America, e bipụtara ihe osise nke pumpkins yiri nke oge a Small Sugar pumpkin na Connecticut Field pumpkin na Europe.^[13]

Pumpkins bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke a na-akụkarị na mbido Julaị na Northern Hemisphere. Akpụkpọ ahụ chọrọ ka okpomọkụ ala 8 sentimita (3 in) dị omimi bụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 15.5 nakwa na ala ahụ nwere mmiri. Ihe ọkụkụ pumpkin nwere ike ịta ahụhụ ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị mmiri, n'ihi okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 18 , ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ n'ala na-aghọ mmiri. N'ime ọnọdụ ndị a, a na-ewere pumpkins dị ka ndị siri ike, ọbụlagodi na ewepụ ma ọ bụ mebie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akụkụ nke osisi vaịn, osisi ahụ nwere ike ito osisi vaịn nke abụọ ngwa ngwa iji dochie ihe e wepụrụ.^[22]

Pumpkins na-amịpụta ma okooko osisi nwoke ma nke nwanyị, na-abụkarị site na aṅụ.^[22] N'America, dara-linkid="99" href="./Squash_bee" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Squash bee">aṅụ squash, Peponapis pruninosa, emeela ka pumpkins nwee ntụ ọka n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, mana aṅụ ahụ adaala, ma eleghị anya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi ọgwụ ahụhụ (imidacloprid). ^[23] Aṅụ ndị dị n'ala, dị ka aṅụ squash na aṅụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ, dị mma iji jikwaa nnukwu ntụ ntụ nke pumpkins na-emepụta.^[24][25] Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US na-atụ aro otu ụlọ maka otu hekta (0.4, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ise maka hekta 2. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere aṅụ ezughi oke maka mmịpụta, ndị na-elekọta ubi nwere ike iji aka mee mmịpụta. Nnụnụ pumpkins na-enweghị ntụ ọka na-amalite itolite ma ha anaghị etolite.

Mmepụta pumpkin - 2020 (gụnyere squash na gourds)

Mba	ọtụtụ nde tọn
China	7.4
India	5.1
Ukraine	1.3
Rọshịa	1.1
United States	1.1
Spain	0.8
Ụwa	28.0
Ebe e si nweta ya: FAOSTAT nke United NationsMba Ndị Dị n'Otu[26]

N'afọ 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke pumpkins (gụnyere squash na gourds) bụ nde tọn 28, ebe China na-eme ihe ruru pasent 27 nke ngụkọta. Ukraine na Russia nke ọ bụla mepụtara ihe dị ka otu nde tọn.^[26]

Dị ka otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ewu ewu na United States, na 2017 e mepụtara ihe karịrị 680 nke pumpkins.^[22] steeti ndị kachasị emepụta pumpkin gụnyere Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, na California.^[4] Pumpkin bụ squash steeti nke Texas. ^[27]

Dị ka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke Illinois si kwuo, pasent 95 nke ihe ọkụkụ US e bu n'obi maka nhazi na-etolite na Illinois.^[28] N'ezie, pasent 41 nke ihe ọkụkụ pumpkin n'ozuzu maka ojiji niile sitere na steeti ahụ, ihe karịrị okpukpu ise karịa nke onye asọmpi kacha nso, California, nke ụlọ ọrụ pumpkin ya dị na San Joaquin Valley; na ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na mpaghara ise dị n'etiti steeti ahụ.^[29] Nestle, na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha Libby's, na-emepụta pasent 85 nke pumpkin a na-edozi na United States na ụlọ ọrụ ha na Morton, Illinois.

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2009, mmiri ozuzo na Illinois bibiri ihe ọkụkụ pumpkin nke Libby, nke, jikọtara ya na ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị ike nke afọ 2008 na-eme ka ihe ndị dị n'afọ ahụ ghara ịdị, kpatara ụkọ na-emetụta mba ahụ dum n'oge ezumike ekele.^[30] Enweghị ọzọ, nke na-adịchaghị njọ, metụtara ihe ọkụkụ nke afọ 2015.^[31][32]

A na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ pumpkin na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, nke mejupụtara ihe dịka pasent atọ ruo anọ nke ihe ọkụkụ mba ahụ, maka ahịa Organic.^[33] Terry County, Texas, nwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ pumpkin, nke na-elekwasị anya na obere pumpkins.^[29] A na-akpọ onye ọrụ ugbo Illinois Sarah Frey "Pumpkin Queen of America" ma na-ere ihe dị ka nde pumpkins ise kwa afọ, karịsịa maka iji ya dị ka Jack-o-lanterns.^[34][35]

 

N'ime ego gram 100 (3.5 oz), ugu raw na-enye 110 kilojoules (kilocalories 26) nke ume nri ma bụrụ ezigbo isi iyi (20% ma ọ bụ karịa Uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke provitamin A beta-carotene na vitamin A (53). % DV) (tebụl). Vitamin C dị na ọdịnaya agafeghị oke (11% DV), mana ọ nweghị nri ndị ọzọ dị na nnukwu ego (ihe na-erughị 10% DV, tebụl). Ugu bụ 92% mmiri, 6.5% carbohydrate, 0.1% abụba na 1% protein (tebụl)..

A na-eri ọtụtụ akụkụ nke osisi pumpkin, gụnyere mkpokoro anụ, mkpụrụ, akwụkwọ, na okooko osisi. Mgbe o toruru, a pụrụ isi pumpkin, sie ya, ma ọ bụ sie ya.

Na North America, ugu bụ akụkụ nke owuwe ihe ubi oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke ọdịnala, nke a ṅara n'ọkụ, dị ka ugu nke a wụsara na ofe na achịcha ugu. Pumpkin pie bụ ihe eji eme omenala Canada na American Ekele. A na-akwadebe Pumpkin purée mgbe ụfọdụ ma na-ajụ oyi maka ojiji emechaa.^[36]

N'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States na Mexico, ugu na okooko osisi skwọsh bụ ihe oriri na-ewu ewu na ebe niile. Enwere ike iji ha chọọ efere mma, ma ọ bụ fesa ya na batter e ghere ya na mmanụ.

A na-eri akwụkwọ pọmpụ na Zambia, ebe a na-akpọ ha Chibwa ma na-esi ha ma na-esikọta ha na nri dị ka nri dị n'akụkụ.^[37]

Mkpụrụ ugu, nke a makwaara dị ka pepitas, na-eri nri na ọgaranya. Ha na-adị ihe dịka 1.5 cm (0.5 in) ogologo, dị larịị, oval na-enweghị asymmetric, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na-achakarị ma na-ekpuchikwa ya n'ogbe ọcha, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ụdị ugu na-amị mkpụrụ na-enweghị ha. Mkpụrụ ugu bụ nri na-ewu ewu nke a na-ahụ ya n'akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụ nke nwere ọkara n'ụlọ ahịa nri. Kwa ounce na-eje ozi, mkpụrụ ugu bụ ezigbo isi iyi nke protein, magnesium, ọla kọpa na zinc.^[38]

Mmanụ mkpụrụ pọmpụ bụ mmanụ siri ike nke a na-agbanye site na mkpụrụ a siri esi nke na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.^[39][40] Mgbe a na-eji ya esi nri ma ọ bụ dị ka salad, a na-agwakọta mmanụ mkpụrụ pumpkin na mmanụ ndị ọzọ n'ihi ụtọ ya siri ike. Mmanụ mkpụrụ pọmpụ nwere abụba acid dị ka oleic acid na alpha-linolenic acid.^[41]

E gosipụtara nri mkpụrụ pọmpụ sitere na Cucurbita maxima na Cucurbita moschata iji melite nri na-edozi ahụ nke àkwá maka oriri mmadụ, a na-ejikwa mkpụrụ Cucurbita pepo mee ihe nke ọma n'ọnọdụ soybean na nri ọkụkọ.^[42]

 

Na United States, e bu ụzọ jikọta ugu a pịrị apị na oge owuwe ihe ubi n'ozuzu ya, ogologo oge tupu ọ ghọọ ihe nnọchianya nke Halloween. Omume ịkpụ ihe maka Halloween sitere n'akụkọ ifo ndị Irish banyere otu nwoke aha ya bụ "Stingy Jack". Omume nke ịkpụ ube jack-o'lantern maka oge Halloween malitere site na omenala omenala na Ireland yana Scotland na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke United Kingdom nke ịcha oriọna sitere na tonip, mangelwurzel, ma ọ bụ swede (rutabaga). Inine ndị a na-anọgide na-abụ nhọrọ ndị a ma ama taa dị ka oriọna a pịrị apị na Scotland na Northern Ireland, ọ bụ ezie na ndị Britain zụtara otu nde pumpkins maka Halloween na 2004 na-egosipụta mgbasa nke ịkpụ ugu na United Kingdom..^[43]

Ndị mbịarambịa na North America malitere iji pumpkins maka ịkpụ ihe, nke dị mfe ma buru ibu - na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịkpụ ihe karịa turnips.^[44]  Ọ bụghị ruo na 1837 ka jack-o'-lantern pụtara dị ka okwu maka oriọna akwụkwọ nri a tụrụ atụ, na njikọ oriọna pumpkin a tụrụ atụ na Halloween ka edere na 1866. ^[45][46]

Pumpkin chunking bụ ọrụ asọmpi nke ndị otu na-ewu ngwaọrụ dị iche iche e mere iji tụba pumpkin ruo n'ókè o kwere mee. Catapult, trebuchets, ballistas na air cannons bụ usoro ndị a na-ahụkarị.^[47]

Ndị na-azụ nnukwu pumpkins na-asọ mpi ịkụ nnukwu pumpkins. Enwere ike ịrara ememme nye pumpkin na asọmpi ndị a. Na United States, obodo Half Moon Bay, California, na-eme emume nka na pumpkin kwa afọ, gụnyere World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.^[48]

E guzobere ihe ndekọ maka pumpkin kachasị arọ n'ụwa, 1,226 , na Ịtali na 2021.^[17]

Ụmụ amaala America ejirila ugu dị ka ọgwụ ndị mmadụ na-agwọ ọrịa eriri afọ na ọrịa urinary, na ndị dọkịta America nakweere ọgwụgwọ a nwa amaala America na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dị ka anthelmintic maka ịchụpụ ikpuru. Na Germany na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe, a na-ejikwa mkpụrụ nke C.pepo dị ka ọgwụgwọ ndị mmadụ iji gwọọ eriri afọ na-adịghị mma na hyperplasia prostate na-adịghị mma.

Na China, a na-ejikwa mkpụrụ <i id="mwAgg">C. moschata</i> mee ihe na Ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa parasitic schistosomiasis ^[49] na maka ịchụpụ ikpuru. ^{[50]   [<span title="Cited sources need context/evaluation">qualify evidence</span>]}

Enwere njikọ n'akụkọ ọdịnala na ọdịbendị a ma ama n'etiti pumpkins na ikike karịrị nke mmadụ, dị ka:

• Omenala ịkpụ jack-lantern site na ugu na-enweta site na akụkọ ifo gbasara mkpụrụ obi furu efu na-awagharị n'ụwa. N'akụkọ ifo Cinderella, nne nwanyị akụkọ ifo na-atụgharị ugu ka ọ bụrụ ihe eji ebu ihe maka aha aha, mana n'etiti abalị ọ na-alaghachi na ugu. N'ụfọdụ mmegharị nke akụkọ mmụọ Washington Irving The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, a na-ekwu na onye na-agba ịnyịnya na-enweghị isi na-eji ugu dị ka isi dochie anya.

N'ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala, a na-eji pumpkin a tụrụ atụ atụ atụ egwu mmụọ ọjọọ na All Hallows' Eve (ya bụ, Halloween), mgbe a na-ekwu na ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-agagharị n'ụwa.

Ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa maka akụ na ụba nwere ụdị dị iche iche, agba, na ụtọ dị iche iche nke a na-eto maka ebumnuche dị iche iche. A na-eji ụdị dị iche iche eme ihe ebe a na-agbanwe agbanwe na cultivar, mana ọ bụghị ụdị ụdị ma ọ bụ ụdị taxonomic.

Image	Name	Species	Origin	Description
	Al Hachi	Cucurbita moschata	Kashmir	The people of Kashmir dry Al Hachi pumpkins to eat in the winter, when snowfall can isolate the valley.[51]
	Big Max	Cucurbita maxima	United States	Big Max can exceed Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. and Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. in diameter under ideal growing conditions.[52] The variety was hybridized for its size during the early 1960s.[53] Individual fruits are round to slightly flattened.[54][55]
	Calabaza	Cucurbita moschata	Cuba and West Indies	The calabaza is a variety originating in Cuba and the West Indies. It is also cultivated in the Philippines and United States.[56]
	Cheese pumpkin	Cucurbita moschata	North America, possibly from an origin in Central America[57]	So-called for its resemblance to a wheel of cheese, this cultivar has been noted for its long storage ability as well as relatively poor culinary characteristics.[58][13] One of Duchesne's 1786 botanical illustrations depicts a fruit that has been identified with the Cheese Pumpkin.[56]
	Connecticut field pumpkin	Cucurbita pepo	North America[13]	Considered to be "one of the oldest pumpkins in existence".[59] Widely used for autumn decorations, either whole or as jack-o'-lanterns.[60]
	Dickinson pumpkin	Cucurbita moschata	North America	The oblong, ribbed fruits weigh up to 40 pounds and are widely used for canning. Derived from the Kentucky field pumpkin by Elijah Dickinson when he moved to Illinois in 1835.[61] Libby's Select is classified either as a selection from the Dickinson Pumpkin or a selection from the same parent lineage.[62][63][64][65]
	Dill's Atlantic Giant	Cucurbita maxima	North America	Dill's Atlantic Giant was bred by Howard Dill from sources including the Mammoth Pumpkin variety.[66][67] The variety were patented in 1979, who then went on to set the giant pumpkin in 1980 with a Àtụ:Cvt record.[68]
	Galeux d'Eysines	Cucurbita maxima	France	The Galeux d'Eysines is mentioned in the Vilmorin-Andrieux vegetable catalogue Les Plantes Potagères in 1883. It is noted for peanut-sized growths on its skin, caused by a buildup of sugar. Its name may have originally been Brodé galeux d'Eysines, translating to embroidered with scabs, from Eysines. Immature pumpkins can be etched with words or designs that become warts as it matures. Galeux d'Eysines was reportedly brought to the United States in 1996 from the Foire aux Potirons pumpkin festival in Tranzault, France by author Amy Goldman.[69][70]
	Japanese pie pumpkin	Cucurbita argyrosperma	Pennsylvania	The Japanese pie pumpkin is so-called because its seeds become crazed, resembling to Americans the appearance of Chinese characters or Japanese kanji. This variety was introduced by Samuel Wilson of Pennsylvania in 1884.[13]
	Jarrahdale pumpkin	Cucurbita maxima	Australia	A variety with a blue-gray skin, named after the Western Australian town of Jarrahdale. The Jarrahdale closely resembles the Queensland Blue. It cuts easily, and has orange, sweet-tasting flesh.[71][72]
	Jonathan pumpkin[13][73]	Cucurbita argyrosperma		Available commercially as early as 1891 from Livingston Seed.[13] The name Jonathan may originate as a form of melioration against the character of Brother Jonathan which was sometimes used as mocking personification of the United States by satirists in Europe.[74] Brother Jonathan was also used within the United States either as characterizing the epitome of thrift and industriousness, or an unsophisticated bumpkin.[75]
	Kabocha	Cucurbita maxima	Japan	Kabocha is the general Japanese word for winter squashes.[76][77] In English, the term "kobacha" is usually used for a green-skinned cultivar derived from buttercup squash.
	Kentucky field pumpkin	Cucurbita moschata	Cuba, Mexico, or the United States	Kentucky field pumpkin is among the pumpkin cultivars grown specifically for jack-o-lantern carving.[58] It has been classified as part of a group of Cucurbita moschata cultivars historically grown by the Seminole people of the United States southeast, as well as by farmers in Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. Similar cultivars were identified in Cuba as well as coastal and southern Mexico.[78]
	Musquée de Provence, Moscata di Provenza or fairytale pumpkin	Cucurbita moschata	France	A large pumpkin from France with sweet, fragrant, deep-orange flesh often sold by the slice due to its size.[79]
	Seminole pumpkin	Cucurbita moschata	Florida	A landrace originally cultivated by the Seminole people of what is now Florida. Naturalists in the 18th century recorded Seminole pumpkins growing with their vines hanging from trees.[80][81]
	Styrian pumpkin	Cucurbita pepo	Styria	Styrian pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. styriaca or var. oleifera) have hull-less seeds, which are used in Austria and Slovenia as part of a pumpkin seed oil industry that presses their roasted seeds.[82][83]
	Sugar pumpkin	Cucurbita pepo	North America	The sugar pumpkin is one of the earliest varieties of pumpkin documented by European colonists upon arrival in North America. It has sweeter flesh than the similar but larger Connecticut Field pumpkin from which sugar pumpkins may have been selected.[13]

• Ndepụta mkpụrụ osisi
• Ndepụta nke nri squash na pumpkin