險
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Translingual
[edit]Traditional | 險 |
---|---|
Shinjitai | 険 |
Simplified | 险 |
Han character
[edit]險 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 弓中人一人 (NLOMO), four-corner 78286, composition ⿰阝僉)
Derived characters
[edit]Related characters
[edit]- 険 (Japanese shinjitai)
- 险 (Simplified Chinese)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1361, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41874
- Dae Jaweon: page 1865, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4160, character 8
- Unihan data for U+96AA
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 險 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 险 | |
alternative forms | 礆/硷 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 險 | |
---|---|
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
---|---|
厱 | *raːm, *kʰreːm, *kʰlam |
歛 | *qʰlaːm |
臉 | *ɡ·reːmʔ, *skʰlam, *kramʔ |
醶 | *ɡr·reːmʔ, *skʰraːmʔ |
鹼 | *kreːmʔ, *skʰlam |
薟 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram |
匳 | *ɡ·ram |
獫 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams, *qʰramʔ |
蘞 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam |
籢 | *ɡ·ram |
斂 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
瀲 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
撿 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *kramʔ |
羷 | *ɡ·ramʔ |
殮 | *ɡ·rams |
簽 | *skʰlam |
僉 | *skʰlam |
憸 | *skʰlam, *skʰlamʔ, *sqʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
譣 | *skʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
檢 | *kramʔ |
瞼 | *kramʔ |
儉 | *ɡramʔ |
顩 | *ŋramʔ, *rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ |
嬐 | *ŋramʔ |
嶮 | *ŋramʔ, *hŋramʔ |
噞 | *ŋramʔ, *ŋrams |
驗 | *ŋrams |
險 | *qʰramʔ |
劒 | *kams |
劍 | *kams |
𩏩 | *qʰam |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *qʰramʔ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).
Etymology
[edit]May be cognate with 巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “tall; cliff”). See 嚴 for more.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щян (xi͡an, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): xien3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xie2
- Northern Min (KCR): hǐng / híng
- Eastern Min (BUC): hiēng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5shi
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xienn3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siǎn
- Wade–Giles: hsien3
- Yale: syǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shean
- Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xian3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiɛn⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щян (xi͡an, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiæ̃⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: him2
- Yale: hím
- Cantonese Pinyin: him2
- Guangdong Romanization: him2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hiːm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hiam2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hiam⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: xien3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiɛn²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiám
- Hakka Romanization System: hiamˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hiam3
- Sinological IPA: /hi̯am³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xie2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hǐng / híng
- Sinological IPA (key): /xiŋ²¹/, /xiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hiēng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hieŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Klang)
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hém
- Tâi-lô: hém
- Phofsit Daibuun: heam
- IPA (Hui'an): /hem⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiáⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hiánn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hviar
- IPA (Quanzhou): /hiã⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen): /hiã⁵³/
Note:
- hiám/hém - literary;
- hiáⁿ - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hiam2 / hiang2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiám / hiáng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hiam⁵²/, /hiaŋ⁵²/
Note: hiang2 - Chenghai.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 險 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /ɕian²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /ɕian¹³/ | |
Jinan | /ɕiã⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /ɕiã⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ɕian⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /ɕiã⁵³/ | |
Xining | /ɕiã⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /ɕian⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /ɕian⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /ɕiɛn⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /ɕian⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /ɕian⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /ɕien²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /ɕiĩ²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ɕie̞⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /ɕie⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɕi³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /ɕiɪ⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɕiẽ̞⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ɕi³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ɕie³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /ɕiɛ³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiẽ⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /ɕiẽ²¹/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛn²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /hiam³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /hiɑm³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /him³⁵/ |
Nanning | /him³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /him³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiam⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hieŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xiŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /hiam⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiam²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: xjemX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰr[a]mʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*qʰramʔ/
Definitions
[edit]險
- (of terrain) difficult and treacherous
- (now in compounds) narrow pass; treacherous place; strategic point
- (now dialectal or in compounds) danger; hazard; peril; risk
- 冒險/冒险 ― màoxiǎn ― to take a risk
- 脫險/脱险 ― tuōxiǎn ― to escape danger
- 避過呢場險 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595
- bei6 gwo3 nei1 coeng4 him2 [Jyutping]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
避过呢场险 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
- 故君子居易以俟命,小人行險以徼幸。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Gù jūnzǐ jūyì yǐ sìmìng, xiǎorén xíngxiǎn yǐ jiàoxìng. [Pinyin]
- Thus it is that the superior man is quiet and calm, waiting for the appointments of Heaven, while the mean man walks in dangerous paths, looking for lucky occurrences.
故君子居易以俟命,小人行险以徼幸。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- dangerous; hazardous
- 驚險/惊险 ― jīngxiǎn ― breathtaking
- 險得滯 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595
- him2 dak1 zai6 [Jyutping]
- too dangerous
险得滞 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
- (now dialectal or in compounds) sinister; vicious
- (of bad things) almost; nearly
- (in compounds) Short for 保險/保险 (bǎoxiǎn, “insurance”).
Synonyms
[edit]- (almost):
- 差一點/差一点
- 差啲 (caa1 di1) (Cantonese)
- 差小可 (Hokkien)
- 差小可仔 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 差淡薄 (Hokkien)
- 差淡薄仔 (Hokkien)
- 差無偌/差无偌 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
- 差點/差点 (chàdiǎn)
- 差點咖子/差点咖子 (ca1 dienn3 ga zr) (Xiang)
- 急下烏/急下乌 (7ciq-shia-u) (Wu)
- 爭些/争些 (zhēngxiē) (obsolete)
- 爭啲/争啲 (zaang1 di1) (Cantonese)
- 爭差點兒/争差点儿 (zen1 ca1 dianr3) (Sichuanese)
- 爭滴滴兒/争滴滴儿 (zen1 di1 dir3-1) (Sichuanese)
- 爭點兒/争点儿 (zen1 dianr3) (Sichuanese)
- 臨臨仔/临临仔 (Hokkien)
- 險些/险些 (xiǎnxiē) (of bad things)
- 險介乎/险介乎 (5shi-cia-wu) (Wu)
- 險險/险险 (Hokkien)
Compounds
[edit]- 人壽保險/人寿保险 (rénshòu bǎoxiǎn)
- 人身保險/人身保险 (rénshēn bǎoxiǎn)
- 保險/保险 (bǎoxiǎn)
- 保險人/保险人 (bǎoxiǎnrén)
- 保險公司/保险公司 (bǎoxiǎn gōngsī)
- 保險刀片/保险刀片
- 保險利益/保险利益
- 保險單/保险单 (bǎoxiǎndān)
- 保險套/保险套 (bǎoxiǎntào)
- 保險桿/保险杆 (bǎoxiǎngǎn)
- 保險業/保险业 (bǎoxiǎnyè)
- 保險槓/保险杠 (bǎoxiǎngàng)
- 保險櫃/保险柜 (bǎoxiǎnguì)
- 保險法/保险法 (bǎoxiǎnfǎ)
- 保險燈/保险灯 (bǎoxiǎndēng)
- 保險箱/保险箱 (bǎoxiǎnxiāng)
- 保險絲/保险丝 (bǎoxiǎnsī)
- 保險給付/保险给付
- 保險費/保险费 (bǎoxiǎnfèi)
- 保險賠償/保险赔偿
- 保險金/保险金 (bǎoxiǎnjīn)
- 保險開關/保险开关
- 健康保險/健康保险 (jiànkāng bǎoxiǎn)
- 偏險/偏险
- 傷害保險/伤害保险
- 全民保險/全民保险
- 公共保險/公共保险
- 兵災保險/兵灾保险
- 兵險/兵险
- 冒險/冒险 (màoxiǎn)
- 冒險犯難/冒险犯难
- 冒險進取/冒险进取
- 凶險 (xiōngxiǎn)
- 出險/出险 (chūxiǎn)
- 勞動保險/劳动保险
- 包裹保險/包裹保险
- 化險為夷/化险为夷 (huà xiǎn wéi yí)
- 千難萬險/千难万险
- 危險/危险 (wēixiǎn)
- 危險分子/危险分子
- 危險性/危险性 (wēixiǎnxìng)
- 危險期/危险期
- 危險物/危险物
- 地窄路險/地窄路险
- 壽險/寿险 (shòuxiǎn)
- 大驚大險/大惊大险
- 太空探險/太空探险
- 天險/天险 (tiānxiǎn)
- 失業保險/失业保险
- 夷險/夷险
- 夷險一節/夷险一节
- 好險/好险 (hǎoxiǎn)
- 奸險 (jiānxiǎn)
- 定期保險/定期保险
- 履險如夷/履险如夷
- 山險/山险 (shānxiǎn)
- 平安險/平安险
- 幽險/幽险
- 弄險/弄险
- 強制保險/强制保险
- 意外險/意外险
- 憑險/凭险
- 拉保險/拉保险
- 探險/探险 (tànxiǎn)
- 探險家/探险家
- 擔險/担险
- 有驚無險/有惊无险 (yǒujīngwúxiǎn)
- 歷盡艱險/历尽艰险
- 歷險/历险 (lìxiǎn)
- 水險/水险
- 汽車保險/汽车保险
- 海上保險/海上保险
- 涉危履險/涉危履险
- 海門天險/海门天险
- 涉險/涉险
- 漁民保險/渔民保险
- 火災保險/火灾保险
- 火險/火险 (huǒxiǎn)
- 產物保險/产物保险
- 產險/产险
- 社會保險/社会保险 (shèhuì bǎoxiǎn)
- 視險如夷/视险如夷 (shìxiǎnrúyí)
- 視險若夷/视险若夷 (shìxiǎnruòyí)
- 私校保險/私校保险
- 稻作保險/稻作保险
- 竊盜險/窃盗险
- 終身保險/终身保险
- 耽險/耽险
- 脫險/脱险 (tuōxiǎn)
- 艱險/艰险 (jiānxiǎn)
- 艱難險阻/艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)
- 被保險人/被保险人 (bèibǎoxiǎnrén)
- 設險/设险
- 責任保險/责任保险 (zérèn bǎoxiǎn)
- 赴險/赴险 (fùxiǎn)
- 赴險如夷/赴险如夷
- 遇險/遇险 (yùxiǎn)
- 鋌而走險/铤而走险 (tǐng'érzǒuxiǎn)
- 阻險/阻险
- 陰險/阴险 (yīnxiǎn)
- 隘險/隘险
- 險些/险些 (xiǎnxiē)
- 險勝/险胜 (xiǎnshèng)
- 險句/险句
- 險固/险固 (xiǎngù)
- 險地/险地 (xiǎndì)
- 險塞/险塞
- 險境/险境 (xiǎnjìng)
- 險峰/险峰
- 險峻/险峻 (xiǎnjùn)
- 險巇/险巇 (xiǎnxī)
- 險工/险工
- 險惡/险恶 (xiǎn'è)
- 險戲/险戏
- 險易/险易
- 險棘/险棘
- 險滑/险滑
- 險灘/险滩 (xiǎntān)
- 險症/险症
- 險要/险要 (xiǎnyào)
- 險詐/险诈 (xiǎnzhà)
- 險詖/险诐
- 險語/险语
- 險譎/险谲
- 險象/险象 (xiǎnxiàng)
- 險象環生/险象环生 (xiǎnxiànghuánshēng)
- 險路/险路
- 險途/险途
- 險道神/险道神
- 險遭不測/险遭不测
- 險釁/险衅
- 險阻/险阻 (xiǎnzǔ)
- 險阻艱難/险阻艰难
- 險隘/险隘
- 險韻/险韵
- 風險/风险 (fēngxiǎn)
- 驚險/惊险 (jīngxiǎn)
- 驚險百出/惊险百出
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “險”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]険 | |
險 |
Kanji
[edit]險
(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 険)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Readings
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]險 • (heom) (hangeul 험, revised heom, McCune–Reischauer hŏm, Yale hem)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]險: Hán Việt readings: hiểm[1][2][3][4][5][6]
險: Nôm readings: hiểm[1], hẻm[7], hiếm[2][7], hĩm[3]
- chữ Hán form of hiểm (“dangerous, impassable”).
- Nôm form of hẻm (“narrow space, dead-end”).
- Nôm form of hiếm (“rare, scarce”).
- Nôm form of hĩm (“little girl (Central Vietnamese countryside)”).
References
[edit]Categories:
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